Manufacturing Industries

Good morning students, welcome to today's geography lesson. I am so happy to see all of you here ready to learn about something really important that affects our daily lives. Today we are going to study Chapter 6 from your NCERT Geography book - Manufacturing Industries. This is a chapter that will help you understand how the things you use every day are made, and how important industries are for our country's development. So let's begin together.

Imagine you went to the market with your parents during Diwali. You saw so many things in the shops - shoes, clothes, utensils, sugar, tea, diyas, and many more items. Have you ever wondered how all these things are produced in such large quantities? Your father might have told you that some things like shoes and clothes are manufactured in big factories using machines, some things like utensils are made in smaller industries, and some things like diyas are made by individual artisans at home. This is exactly what we are going to learn about in this chapter - how different industries work and produce the goods we need.

Now let me ask you a question. What do you understand by the word 'manufacturing'? When we take raw materials and process them to make more valuable products, that is called manufacturing. For example, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar is manufactured from sugarcane, iron and steel are manufactured from iron ore, and aluminium is manufactured from bauxite. Even the clothes you wear are manufactured from yarn, which itself is an industrial product. So you see, manufacturing is all around us.

Now let's think about the people who work in manufacturing. People who work in secondary activities take the primary materials and convert them into finished goods. Workers in steel factories, car manufacturing plants, breweries, textile mills, bakeries - all these people are engaged in secondary activities. In this chapter, we will mainly study manufacturing industries which come under the secondary sector of the economy.

Why is manufacturing so important for our country? Let me explain this to you in detail. The economic strength of a country is measured by how developed its manufacturing industries are. This is because manufacturing industries are considered the backbone of development. First, manufacturing industries help modernize agriculture, which is the backbone of our economy. When industries develop, they provide jobs to people in secondary and tertiary sectors, so that people are not entirely dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. This reduces the heavy dependence on agricultural income.

Second, industrial development is very important for removing unemployment and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind setting up public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India. The government also wanted to reduce regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

Third, when we export manufactured goods, it expands trade and commerce and brings in foreign exchange, which is very important for our country's economy.

Fourth, countries that can transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are more prosperous. India's prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

Now students, I want you to understand that agriculture and industries are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. For example, agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. These industries depend on agriculture for raw materials, and they sell products like irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools to farmers. So you see, the development of manufacturing industries has not only helped farmers increase their production but also made the entire production process very efficient.

In today's world of globalization, our industries need to be more efficient and competitive. Self-sufficiency alone is not enough. Our manufactured goods must be of the same quality as those in the international market. Only then will we be able to compete in the international market.

Now let's move on to classification of industries. Can you list some manufactured products you use in daily life? You might use transistors, electric bulbs, vegetable oil, cement, glassware, petrol, matches, scooters, automobiles, medicines, and so on. If we classify these industries based on different criteria, we can understand their manufacturing better. Let me explain the different ways industries are classified.

First, let's look at classification on the basis of source of raw materials. Industries can be agro-based or mineral-based. Agro-based industries use agricultural products as raw materials - for example, cotton, woollen, jute, silk textiles, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, and edible oil industries. Mineral-based industries use minerals and metals as raw materials - for example, iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, and petrochemical industries.

Second, classification according to their main role. There are basic or key industries which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods. For example, iron and steel industry and copper smelting are basic industries because their products are used by other industries. On the other hand, consumer industries produce goods for direct use by consumers - like sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, and fans.

Third, classification on the basis of capital investment. A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over time, and at present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore. Anything above this is considered a large scale industry.

Fourth, classification on the basis of ownership. Industries can be public sector - owned and operated by government agencies like BHEL and SAIL. They can be private sector - owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals like TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., and Dabur Industries. There are also joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals, like Oil India Ltd. which is jointly owned by public and private sector. Then there is the cooperative sector - industries owned and operated by producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. They pool their resources and share profits or losses proportionately. Examples are the sugar industry in Maharashtra and the coir industry in Kerala.

Fifth, classification based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods. Heavy industries like iron and steel use heavy raw materials and produce heavy goods. Light industries use light raw materials and produce light goods like electrical goods.

Now students, there is an activity in your book where you need to classify certain items into two groups based on bulk and weight. Let me guide you on how to think about this. Consider which items involve heavy raw materials and finished products, and which are lighter goods. Heavy industries typically include items like oil, shipbuilding, automobiles, and brassware. Light industries typically include items like knitting needles, sewing machines, electric bulbs, fuse wires, watches, and paint brushes. Try to classify all ten items from your book yourself using this understanding.

Now let's study some important industries in detail, starting with agro-based industries.

Agro-based industries use agricultural raw materials. Cotton textiles, jute textiles, silk, woollen textiles, sugar, and edible oil industries come under this category.

Let's first talk about the textile industry. The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy because it contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings. It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain - from raw material to the highest value added products.

Now let's look at cotton textiles. In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. After the 18th century, power-looms came into use. Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England. The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. During the two world wars, India was a British colony and there was a demand for cloth in UK, so this gave a boost to the development of the cotton textile industry.

In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. This was because of the availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, and moist climate. This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers, and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring, and sewing. The industry by creating demand supports many other industries such as chemicals and dyes, packaging materials, and engineering works.

While spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc. India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country. Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom and in mills. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.

Now students, there is a question here - why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi? Let me explain this to you. Mahatma Gandhi promoted khadi because it provided employment to rural people in their homes, it was a way to achieve self-reliance and reduce dependence on British manufactured cloth, it helped in preserving traditional skills, and it was an instrument of economic independence during the freedom struggle. It also connected people with the idea of simple living and self-sufficiency.

The second question is - why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom? This is because handloom and powerloom sectors provide employment to millions of people, especially in rural areas. They also preserve traditional weaving skills and designs. If mill sector becomes too dominant, it would lead to unemployment and loss of traditional crafts. So it is important to maintain a balance between all three sectors.

Now let's discuss the jute textile industry. India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh. Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt. The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh.

What are the factors responsible for the location of jute mills in the Hugli basin? Let me explain. First, there is proximity to jute producing areas. Second, there is inexpensive water transport. Third, there is a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills. Fourth, there is abundant water for processing raw jute. Fifth, there is cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. Sixth, Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Now let's move on to the sugar industry. India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari. The raw material used in this industry is sugarcane, which is bulky, and during haulage its sucrose content reduces. The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty percent of mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This industry is seasonal in nature, so it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector. Can you explain why this is so? It is because during the sugarcane season, farmers can directly supply their produce to the mills, and the cooperative model ensures fair prices and shared profits.

In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra. This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content. The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season. Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states.

Now let's study mineral-based industries. Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries. Can you name some industries that would fall in this category? Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, and machine tools are some examples.

Let's start with the iron and steel industry. The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries - heavy, medium and light - depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence equipment, medical equipment, telephonic and scientific equipment, and a variety of consumer goods.

Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country's development. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky, entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1. Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel. Where should the steel plants be ideally located? Remember that the finished products also need an efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and consumers.

Let me explain the processes of manufacture of steel. First, in the blast furnace, raw materials are transported to the plant. Iron ore is melted, limestone is added as fluxing material, and slag is removed. Coke is burnt to heat the ore. Then the molten materials are poured into moulds called pigs to make pig iron. In steel making, pig iron is further purified by melting and oxidising the impurities. Manganese, nickel, chromium are added to make different types of steel. Finally, the metal is shaped through rolling, pressing, casting and forging.

The Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. This is largely because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These include low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour, and vast growth potential in the home market.

Now there is an activity in your book - make a list of all goods made of steel that you can think of. Let me help you with some examples: ships, trains, cars, bridges, buildings, tools, utensils, machinery, railway tracks, nails, screws, and many more.

Now let's discuss aluminium smelting. Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable, and becomes strong when mixed with other metals. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.

Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters, is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock. Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the industry.

The process of manufacturing aluminium is interesting. First, 4 to 6 tonnes of bauxite is used to produce 2 tonnes of alumina, which then produces 1 tonne of aluminium. Bauxite is quarried and transported by rail or ship to the refinery where it is crushed and alumina is dissolved out. Then the alumina is transported to the smelter site. At the smelter, cryolite (a mineral that lowers the melting point) is mixed with the alumina. This molten mixture acts as an electrolyte. Then in the aluminium smelter, electricity is used - 18,600 Kwh per tonne of aluminium - to produce aluminium through electrolysis.

Now let's discuss chemical industries. The chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units. Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda. These industries are widely spread over the country. Why do you think it is so? This is because these chemicals are used as inputs for many other industries located throughout the country, so it makes sense to have them spread out.

Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.

Now let's look at the fertilizer industry. The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K). The third, that is potash, is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form.

After the Green Revolution, the industry expanded to several other parts of the country. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half of the fertilizer production. Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Now let's discuss the cement industry. Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.

Where would it be economically viable to set up cement manufacturing units? The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries. The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. After Independence, the industry expanded. There are cement plants in many states across India.

Now let's discuss the automobile industry. Automobiles provide vehicles for quick transport of goods, services and passengers. Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres. After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three-wheelers. The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.

Now let's discuss the Information Technology and Electronics Industry. The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipment required by the telecommunication industry. Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. The major industry concentration is at Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Now students, we need to discuss a very important topic - industrial pollution and environmental degradation. Although industries contribute significantly to India's economic growth and development, the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise and resulting degradation of environment that they have caused cannot be overlooked. Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: air, water, land, and noise. The polluting industries also include thermal power plants.

Let's discuss air pollution first. Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Air-borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. Are you aware of the Bhopal Gas tragedy that occurred? Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

Now let's discuss water pollution. Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber into the water bodies. Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. What would be the effect on aquatic life? The hot water reduces the oxygen content in water, which makes it difficult for fish and other aquatic organisms to survive. It can disrupt the entire aquatic ecosystem.

Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated.

Now let's discuss noise pollution. Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise.

Now let's discuss how we can control environmental degradation. Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are - first, minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. Second, harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements. Third, treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases. Primary treatment by mechanical means involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. Secondary treatment is by biological process. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes involves recycling of wastewater.

Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with environmental concerns. This includes - optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment, minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation, providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation, reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management, and ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its power stations.

NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001. The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.

Now students, let's solve the exercises from your book.

Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material? The answer is (a) Aluminium Smelting. Bauxite is the ore from which aluminium is extracted.

(ii) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc.? The answer is (b) Electronic. The electronics industry manufactures hardware products like telephones and computers. While the Information Technology industry uses these products, the actual manufacturing of electronic devices falls under the electronics industry.

Exercise 2: Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.

(i) What is manufacturing? Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products.

(ii) What are basic industries? Give an example. Basic industries are those which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods. For example, iron and steel industry.

Now let's solve the activity - give one word for each of the following with regard to industry.

(i) Used to drive machinery - POWER (5 letters) (ii) People who work in a factory - WORKERS (6 letters) (iii) Where the product is sold - MARKET (6 letters) (iv) A person who sells goods - RETAILER (8 letters) (v) Thing produced - PRODUCT (7 letters) (vii) Land, Water and Air degraded - POLLUTION (9 letters)

For (vi) To make or produce - MANUFACTURE (11 letters)

Now let's solve the puzzle activity from your book. Here are the answers you should find:

1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called... The answer is AGRO-BASED.

2. The basic raw material for sugar industry. The answer is SUGARCANE.

3. This fibre is also known as the 'Golden Fibre'. The answer is JUTE.

4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry. The answer is IRON AND STEEL.

5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh. The answer is BHILAI.

6. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place. The answer is VARANASI. Now let's look at the project work. You need to select one agro-based and one mineral-based industry in your area. You need to find out what raw materials they use, what other inputs in the process of manufacturing involve transportation cost, and whether these factories are following environmental norms. This is an activity that you should do on your own by visiting industries in your local area.

Now students, let me give you a quick recap of what we have learned in this chapter.

First, we learned what manufacturing is - it is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products. We learned that manufacturing industries are important for a country's economic development because they help modernize agriculture, create employment opportunities, bring in foreign exchange through exports, and add value to raw materials.

We studied the classification of industries based on different criteria - based on source of raw materials (agro-based and mineral-based), based on their role (basic and consumer industries), based on capital investment (small scale and large scale), based on ownership (public, private, joint, and cooperative sectors), and based on bulk and weight (heavy and light industries).

We studied agro-based industries in detail - the textile industry, including cotton textiles and jute textiles, and the sugar industry. We learned about the location factors for these industries and their importance.

We studied mineral-based industries - iron and steel industry, aluminium smelting, chemical industries, fertilizer industry, cement industry, automobile industry, and information technology and electronics industry. For each industry, we learned about the raw materials used, the manufacturing process, and the location factors.

We also studied industrial pollution and environmental degradation - air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution, soil pollution, and noise pollution. We learned about the causes and effects of pollution, and the measures to control environmental degradation.

Finally, we solved all the exercises, activities, and the puzzle from the chapter.

Students, manufacturing industries are the backbone of our economy. They provide employment, add value to raw materials, and contribute to our country's growth. However, we must also ensure that these industries do not harm our environment. Sustainable development is the key - we need to balance economic development with environmental concerns.

Thank you for listening attentively. I hope you have understood this chapter well. Practice the exercises regularly and do not hesitate to ask if you have any doubts. Keep studying hard!