Welcome dear students! Today we are going to learn about A Village Cricket Match from Class 10 English_FL. This is Chapter 8, also designated as Lesson 8. We begin with the Pre-Reading Activity. The textbook asks you to discuss the humour in the film Lagaan in pairs. Reflect on how humour arises from exaggerated reactions, the clash between serious intentions and clumsy execution, and the underdog spirit. Keep this thematic lens in mind as we approach the text.
[CHECKPOINT]
I will now read the exact text of paragraph one, followed by a focused explanation. The crisis was now desperate. The fieldsmen drew nearer and nearer to the batsman, excepting the youth in the blue jumper. Livingstone balanced himself on his toes. Mr. Shakespeare Pollock hopped about almost on top of the batsman, and breathed excitedly and audibly. Even the imperturbable Mr. Southcott discarded the piece of grass which he had been chewing so steadily. Mr. Hodge took himself off and put on the Major, who had by now somewhat lived down the quart and a half. Explanation: The author establishes high tension. Fielders crowd the batsman, but the youth in the blue jumper remains apart. Livingstone shows nervous energy. Pollock is overly animated. Mr Southcott, normally unflappable, breaks his routine by discarding his grass, signaling extreme tension. Captain Hodge substitutes himself with the Major. The phrase lived down the quart and a half means the Major has recovered from the physical and social effects of heavy drinking, making him ready to bowl.
[CHECKPOINT]
Paragraph two: The batsmen crouched down upon their bats and defended stubbornly. A snick through the slips brought a single. A ball which eluded the publisher’s gigantic pads brought a bye. A desperate sweep at a straight half-volley sent the ball off the edge of the bat over third-man’s head and in normal circumstances would have certainly scored one, and possibly two, but Mr. Harcourt was on guard at third man, and the batsmen, by nature cautious men one being old and the sexton, the other the postman and therefore a Government official, were taking no risks. Then came another single off a mis-hit, and then an interminable period in which no wicket fell and no run was scored. It was broken at last disastrously, for the postman struck the ball sharply at Mr. Pollock, and Mr. Pollock picked it up and, in an ecstasy of zeal, flung it madly at the wicket. Two overthrows resulted. Explanation: The batsmen play defensively. A slight edge and a missed leg-bye yield singles. A powerful shot is stopped by Harcourt. The author humorously links the postman’s caution to his government employment, mocking bureaucratic risk-aversion. After a long stalemate, the postman hits the ball at Pollock, who, in a frenzy of excitement, throws it wildly, accidentally granting two extra runs to the batting side.
[CHECKPOINT]
Paragraph three: The scores were level and there were two wickets to fall. Silence fell. The gaffers, victims simultaneously of excitement and senility could hardly raise their pint pots- for it was past 6 O’clock, and the front door of The Three Horse-shoes was now as wide open officially as the back door had been unofficially all afternoon. Explanation: The match is tied with two wickets remaining. The elderly villagers, termed gaffers, are too tense and aged to lift their beer mugs. The pub officially opens at six, mirroring the informal drinking that already occurred at the back door. The atmosphere is heavy with anticipation.
[CHECKPOINT]
Paragraph four: The Major, his red face redder than ever and his chin sticking out almost as far as the Napoleonic Mr. Ogilvy’s bowled a fast half-volley on the leg-stump. The sexton, a man of iron muscle from much digging, hit it fair and square with the middle of the bat, and it flashed like a thunderbolt, waist-high, straight at the youth in the blue jumper. With a shrill scream the youth sprang backwards out of its way and fell over on his back. Immediately behind him, so close were the fieldsmen clustered, stood the mighty Boone. There was no chance of escape for him. Even if he had possessed the figure and the agility to perform back-somersaults, he would have lacked the time. He had been unsighted by the youth in the jumper. The thunderbolt struck him in the midriff like a red-hot cannon-ball upon a Spanish galleon, and with the sound of a drumstick upon an insufficiently stretched drum. With a fearful oath, Boone clapped his hands to his outraged stomach and found that the ball was in the way. He looked at it for a moment in astonishment and then threw it down angrily and started to massage the injured spot while the field rang with applause at the brilliance of the catch. Explanation: The Major bowls. The sexton strikes it powerfully. The ball hits the youth, who dodges and falls, then strikes Boone in the stomach. The author uses mock-heroic exaggeration: comparing the ball to a cannonball hitting a warship, and the impact to a drumstick on a loose drum. Boone is in pain, finds the ball, and rubs his stomach, while the crowd mistakenly applauds it as a brilliant catch.
[CHECKPOINT]
Paragraphs five through nine: Donald walked up and shyly added his congratulations. Boone scowled at him. ‘I didn’t want to catch the darned thing,’ he said sourly, massaging away like mad. ‘But it may save the side’, ventured Donald. ‘Blast the side’, said Boone. Donald went back to his place. Explanation: Donald offers polite congratulations. Boone is irritated, stating he caught it accidentally. Donald suggests it benefits the team, but Boone dismisses team loyalty entirely. This dialogue highlights Boone’s grumpy pragmatism versus Donald’s polite optimism.
[CHECKPOINT]
Paragraph ten: The scores were level and there was one wicket to fall. The last man in was the blacksmith, leaning heavily upon the shoulder of the baker, who was going to run for him, and limping as if in great pain. He took guard and looked around, savagely. He was clearly still in great rage. Paragraph eleven: The first ball he received he lashed at wildly and hit straight up into the air to an enormous height. It went up and up, until it became difficult to focus on it properly against the deep, cloudless blue of the sky, and it carried with it the hopes and fears of an English village. Up and up it went, then at the top it seemed to hang motionless in the air, poised like a hawk, fighting as it were, a heroic but forlorn battle against the chief invention of Sir Isaac Newton, and then it began its slow descent. Explanation: The injured blacksmith enters, supported by the baker who will run for him. He looks furious. He hits the ball extremely high. The author personifies it as carrying the village’s hopes, hanging like a hawk fighting gravity, which is humorously termed Sir Isaac Newton’s chief invention. The ball then begins to fall.
[CHECKPOINT]
Paragraph twelve: In the meanwhile things were happening below, on the terrestrial sphere. Indeed, the situation was rapidly becoming what the French call mouvemente. In the first place, the blacksmith forgot his sprained ankle and set out at a capital rate for the other end, roaring in a great voice as he went, “Come on, Joe!” The baker, who was running on behalf of the invalid, also set out, and he also roared, “Come on, Joe,” and side by side, like a pair of high-stepping hackneys, the pair cantered along. From the other end Joe set out on his mission, and he roared. “Come on, Bill!” So all three came on. And everything would have been all right, so far as the running was concerned, had it not been for the fact that Joe, very naturally, ran with his head thrown back and his eyes goggling, at the hawk-like cricket-ball. And this in itself would not have mattered if it had not been for the fact that the blacksmith and the baker, also very naturally, ran with their heads turned not only upwards but also backwards as well, so that they too gazed at the ball, with an alarming sort of squint and a truly terrific kink in their necks. Half-way down the pitch the three met with a magnificent clang, reminiscent of early, happy days in the tournament-ring at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and the hopes of the village fell with the resounding fall of their three champions. Explanation: On the ground, the blacksmith runs despite injury, alongside the baker. They move like show horses. Joe runs from the opposite end. All three stare upward, necks twisted. They collide loudly, compared to a medieval tournament. The village’s hopes collapse with them. The humour stems from their synchronized clumsiness and dramatic collision.
[CHECKPOINT]
Paragraph thirteen: But what of the fielding side? Things were not so well with them. If there was doubt and confusion among the warriors of Fordenden, there was also uncertainty and disorganization among the ranks of the invaders. Their main trouble was the excessive concentration of their force in the neighbourhood of the wicket. Napoleon laid it down that it was impossible to have too many men upon a battlefield, and he used to do everything in his power to call up every available man for a battle. Mr. Hodge, after a swift glance at the ascending ball and a swift glance at the disposition of his troops, disagreed profoundly with the Emperor’s dictum. He had too many men, far too many. And all, except the youth in the blue silk jumper, and the mighty Boone, were moving towards strategical positions underneath the ball, and not one of them appeared to be aware that any of the other existed. Boone had not moved because he was more or less in the right place, but then Boone was not likely to bring off the catch, especially after the episode of the last ball. Major Hawker, shouting, ‘Mine, mine!’ in a magnificently self-confident voice, was coming up from the bowler’s end like a battle-cruiser. Mr. Harcourt had obviously lost sight of the ball altogether, if indeed, he had ever seen it for he was running round and round Boone and giggling foolishly. Livingstone and Southcott, the two cracks, were approaching competently. Either of them would catch it easily. Mr. Hodge had not only to choose between them and, coming to a swift decision, he yelled above the din, “Yours, Livingstone!” Southcott, a disciplined cricketer, stopped dead. Then Mr. Hodge made a fatal mistake. He remembered Livingstone’s two missed sitters, and he reversed his decision and roared, ‘Yours, Bobby!’ Mr. Southcott obediently started again, while Livingstone, who had not heard the second order, went straight on. Captain Hodge had restored the status quo. Explanation: The fielding side mirrors the batting side’s chaos. The author contrasts Napoleon’s military strategy with Hodge’s realization that too many fielders cause confusion. Everyone runs toward the ball blindly. The Major shouts confidently. Mr Harcourt runs in circles giggling. Livingstone and Southcott approach well. Hodge first calls Livingstone, then changes his mind and calls Southcott. Southcott stops and restarts, while Livingstone continues forward. The author ironically states Hodge restored the status quo, meaning he returned the field to its original state of confusion.
[CHECKPOINT]
Paragraph fourteen: In the meantime the professor of ballistics had made a lightning calculation of angles, velocities, density of the air, barometer-readings and temperatures, and had arrived at the conclusion that the critical point, the spot which ought to be marked in the photographs with an X, was one yard to the north-east of Boone, and he proceeded to take up station here, colliding on the way with Donald and knocking him over. A moment later Bobby Southcott came racing up and tripped over the recumbent Donald and was shot head first into the Abraham-like bosom of Boone. Boone stepped backward under the impact and came down with his spiked boot, upon the professor’s toe. Almost simultaneously, the portly wicket-keeper, whose movements were a positive triumph of the spirit over the body, bumped the professor from behind. The learned man was thus neatly sandwiched between Tweedledum and Tweedledee, and the sandwich was instantly converted into a ragout by Livingstone, who made up for his lack of extra weight- for he was always in perfect training- by his extra momentum. And all the time Mr. Shakespeare Pollock hovered alertly upon the out-skirts like a rugby scrum-half, screaming American University cries in a piercingly high tenor voice. Explanation: The professor calculates the landing spot scientifically. He runs there, knocks Donald over. Southcott trips on Donald and crashes into Boone. Boone steps back and stomps on the professor’s toe. The wicket-keeper bumps the professor from behind. The author compares the pile-up to a sandwich turned into a stew by Livingstone’s momentum. Pollock hovers nearby shouting loudly. The scene mocks over-intellectual approaches to sport.
[CHECKPOINT]
Paragraph fifteen: At last the ball came down. To Mr. Hodge it seemed a long time before the invention of Sir Isaac Newton finally triumphed. And it was a striking testimony to the mathematical and ballistical skill of the Professor that the ball landed with a sharp report upon the top of his head. Thence it leapt up into the air a foot or so, cannoned on to Boone’s head, and then trickled slowly down the colossal expanse of the wicket-keeper’s back, bouncing slightly as it reached the massive lower portions. It was only a foot from the ground when Mr. Shakespeare Pollock sprang into the vortex with a last ear-splitting howl of victory and grabbed it off the seat of the wicket-keeper’s trousers. The match was a tie. And hardly anyone on the field knew it except Mr. Hodge, the youth in the blue jumper and Mr. Pollock himself. For the two batsmen and the runner, undaunted to the last, had picked themselves up and were bent on completing the single that was to give Fordenden the crown of victory. Unfortunately, dazed with their falls, with excitement and with the noise, they all three ran for the same wicket, simultaneously realized their error, and all three turned and ran for the other- the blacksmith, ankle and all, in the centre leading by a yard, so that they looked like pictures of the Russian troika. But their effort was in vain, for Mr. Pollock had grabbed the ball and the match was a tie. Explanation: The ball falls, hitting the professor’s head, bouncing off Boone’s head, and sliding down the wicket-keeper’s back. Pollock grabs it near the ground. The match ends in a tie. Only three realize it. The batsmen and runner recover and run, but all three run to the same end, realize the mistake, and run back, resembling a Russian three-horse carriage. Their effort fails because Pollock already secured the ball.
[CHECKPOINT]
Paragraph sixteen: And both the teams spent the evening at The Three Horse-shoes, and Mr. Harcourt made a speech in Italian about the glories of England and afterwards fell asleep in a corner, and Donald got home to Royal Avenue at 1 O’clock in the morning, feeling that he had not learnt very much about the English from his experience of their national game. Explanation: Both teams celebrate at the pub. Mr Harcourt gives a speech in Italian and falls asleep. Donald returns home late, realizing the chaotic match taught him little about English cricket or character. The story concludes with quiet, ironic reflection.
[CHECKPOINT]
Let us now review the glossary terms systematically. Jumper: outer garment. Imperturbable: calm. Lived down the quart and a half: recovered from heavy drinking. Crouch: bend very low. Eluded: escaped. Sexton: church caretaker. Leg-bye: run off the legs. Intermittently: every now and then. Ecstasy: joy. Gaffers: elderly villagers. Senility: old age weakness. Pint pots: beer pots. The Three Horse-shoes: an inn. Thunderbolt: sudden shock. Midriff: belly. Spanish galleon: large warship. Darned: damn. Lashed at: hit wildly. Forlorn: unlikely to succeed. Mouvemente: dramatic incident. Terrestrial: earthly. Hackney: horse. Cantered: galloped. Goggling: rolling eyes. Squint: misaligned eyes. Kink in neck: backward turn. Clang: loud sound. Fordenden: the village. Dictum: saying. Recumbent: lying down. Surmounted: overcame. Portly: fat. Ragout: cooked mixture. Vortex: spinning mass. Ashby-de-la-Zouch: historic tournament site. Status quo: previous state. Abraham-like bosom: large chest. Report: explosive sound. Troika: Russian vehicle. Cracks: experts. Rugby scrum-half: football position.
[CHECKPOINT]
We will now address the comprehension questions with precise, source-aligned answers. Question one: Name the two teams. Answer: The village team of Fordenden and the visiting team of outsiders. Question two: Name the fielders in paragraph one. Answer: Livingstone, Mr. Shakespeare Pollock, Mr. Southcott, the youth in the blue jumper, and the Major. Question three: What shows their tension? Answer: Livingstone balances on his toes, Pollock hops and breathes loudly, and Southcott discards the piece of grass he had been chewing. Question four: Humorous reference to the Major? Answer: The phrase lived down the quart and a half comically suggests he is only fit to bowl after recovering from heavy drinking. Question five: Why no run? Answer: They were cautious by nature, and the postman’s government role made him especially risk-averse. Question six: Dig at officials? Answer: The author directly links the postman’s cautious batting to his bureaucratic position, implying official training breeds timidity. Question seven: a) Comparison? Answer: The ball to a red-hot cannonball on a galleon, and the sound to a drumstick on a loose drum. b) Humour? Answer: Exaggerating a village game into naval warfare creates mock-heroic comedy. Question eight: Why angry? Answer: He was in pain, caught it accidentally, and resented the forced participation. Question nine: a) Newton’s invention? Answer: Gravity. b) Meaning? Answer: The ball momentarily defies gravity at its peak before falling. Question ten: Who ran like hackneys? Answer: The blacksmith and the baker. Question eleven: a) Why running? Answer: To complete a run and win. b) How? Answer: With heads tilted back, eyes goggling, and necks kinked. Question twelve: Hodge’s mistake? Answer: Changing his order after calling Livingstone, confusing both players. Question thirteen: How Pollock caught it? Answer: He sprang forward and grabbed it from the wicket-keeper’s trousers just above the ground. Question fourteen: a) Napoleon’s dictum? Answer: You cannot have too many men on a battlefield. b) Hodge’s disagreement? Answer: Too many fielders caused disorganization, not strength. Question fifteen: Who won? Answer: The match ended in a tie.
[CHECKPOINT]
Now for the Close Study extract. The text reads: The thunderbolt struck him in the midriff like a red-hot cannon ball upon a Spanish galleon and the sound of drumstick upon an insufficiently stretched drum. a) Thunderbolt refers to the cricket ball hit hard by the sexton. b) It struck Boone in the stomach. c) The ball is compared to a cannonball; the impact sound is compared to a drumstick on a loose drum. d) The humour lies in extreme exaggeration, treating a clumsy village game moment as epic warfare. e) The sounds referred to are the sharp impact and the specific sound of a drumstick upon an insufficiently stretched drum. f) The humour arises from elevating a painful, accidental catch into a grand, absurd spectacle, contrasting mock-heroic imagery with silly reality.
[CHECKPOINT]
For Paragraph Writing, I will provide structured guidance. First, the profession-based approach. The sexton’s grave-digging builds iron muscle for powerful hitting. The postman’s routine job fosters extreme caution, reflecting bureaucratic risk-aversion. The blacksmith’s trade involves forceful hammering, leading to wild, aggressive swings. The baker’s supportive role makes him a willing runner, moving steadily alongside the injured batsman. Second, the invaders’ disorganization. The visiting team’s lack of coordination contrasts with professional expectations. Players run blindly, ignore each other, and follow contradictory orders. The professor’s scientific calculations and Harcourt’s giggling highlight a complete tactical breakdown, turning sport into farce. Third, the status quo episode. Hodge first yells, Yours, Livingstone! Southcott stops. Remembering Livingstone’s past misses, Hodge reverses his command, yelling, Yours, Bobby! Southcott restarts, but Livingstone, not hearing the second order, continues forward. The author ironically notes Hodge restored the status quo, meaning he returned the field to its original state of confusion. Fourth, humorous situations. Examples include the three batsmen colliding while staring upward, the professor being knocked over despite precise calculations, and Pollock grabbing the ball from the wicket-keeper’s trousers. Narrate one by focusing on physical comedy, exaggerated reactions, and the author’s ironic tone. Fifth, character humour. Boone is a reluctant hero who complains instead of celebrating. The blacksmith plays with uncontrolled aggression despite injury. Mr Harcourt provides comic relief by losing track of the game entirely and giggling while others panic.
[CHECKPOINT]
Moving to Vocabulary, we will identify antonyms strictly from the lesson context. One: terrestrial. Two: forlorn. Three: senility. Four: forlorn, used here to mean hopeless, contrasting with heroic. Five: cautious. Six: imperturbable. Seven: fair, as used in the phrase fair and square. Eight: disciplined.
For Language Activity A, here is the correctly arranged and punctuated conversation. What is your name? Ram Sharma. Is Vinod Sharma your cousin? Yes. I know him very well. We used to go out together. You must be Madan. Yes, that is my name. My cousin has often told me about you. For Activity B, the direct speech version is: Mr. Lal asked, When will the play Twelfth Night begin? The clerk replied, It will begin in half an hour. Mr. Lal confessed, I have never seen the play before, and I am looking forward to it. The clerk said, I am sure you will enjoy it for its lyrical quality.
[CHECKPOINT]
For Dictionary Work, review the meanings and construct your own sentences. Ecstasy: overwhelming joy. Possessed: controlled by a strong emotion. Somersaults: acrobatic rolls. Outrage: intense anger. Set out: begin a journey. Scowl at: look angrily. Trip over: stumble on an obstacle. Grab at: try to seize suddenly. Dictum: formal principle. In vain: without success. Practice using these in context for your exams.
For the Humorous Sentences activity, the textbook provides fifteen sentence openers for you to complete creatively. Do not memorize pre-written endings. Instead, practice crafting your own punchlines that use irony, exaggeration, or unexpected twists. For example: I like people who treat their Wi-Fi routers with more respect than their relatives. Or: Last night, I tried to assemble furniture and ended up building a modern art sculpture. Share your two best creations with classmates to develop your comedic timing and sentence structure.
[CHECKPOINT]
For Speaking Activities, follow the textbook instructions precisely. Activity A requires you to recall a close match and narrate it to a partner. Focus on chronological order, building tension, and describing key moments. Activity B is a structured debate on whether cricket has ruined other games in India. Divide into two groups. Each group must internally discuss and finalize three distinct arguments. Select three representatives per side. Present arguments clearly, allow refutation, and maintain respectful academic discourse. A neutral moderator should manage time and ensure balanced participation. Do not rely on pre-written scripts; develop your points through research and logical reasoning.
[CHECKPOINT]
We will now thoroughly study the Grammar Revisited section on Synthesis of Sentences. This is a critical exam component. Synthesis means combining multiple simple sentences into one complex or simple sentence without changing the original meaning.
Part A: Combine using participles. A participle is a verb form ending in -ing, -ed, or -en that functions adjectivally. Rule: Convert the first action into a participle phrase, then attach the remaining clauses. Exercise two: Combing the smoking rubble, the policemen and firemen found guns, spent cartridges, and a charred corpse. Exercise three: Strip mining, completely altering the topography and destroying all original vegetation and most animal life, leaves barren rubble behind. Exercise four: Booming in the distance, the slight artillery shells shook the ground. Exercise five: Playing the harmonica, one of the soldiers produced a strangely cheerful counterpoint to the ugly, menacing boom in the distance.
Part B: Combine using absolute phrases. An absolute phrase consists of a noun plus a participle, modifying the entire sentence independently. Rule: Keep the phrase’s subject separate from the main clause subject. Exercise two: The prisoner having been questioned, and no witnesses coming forward, the judge dismissed the case. Exercise three: The morning having been cool and comfortable, the afternoon was growing sultry. Exercise four: The boys being on the bank, the fish did not take the lines, periodically teasing them by nibbling the bait and jumping within arm’s reach. Exercise five: The boys trying changing bait, rods, and places, nothing worked.
[CHECKPOINT]
Part C: Combine using appositives. An appositive is a noun phrase that renames or explains an adjacent noun. Rule: Place the descriptive phrase immediately after the noun it identifies, using commas. Exercise two: The Pepsi generation, slim, tanned, and Levi-clad flower children of the sixties, rode motorcycles and surfboards while swigging their colas. Exercise three: The Pepsi generation, the product of the post-war baby boom, changed the life style of America profoundly. Exercise four: The Pepsi generation, an affluent and numerous group, had manufacturers catering to their whims and advertisers pandering to their fancies. Exercise five: Joshua, a young soccer enthusiast, adores Leo Messi, the world’s greatest player who plays for Barcelona.
Part D: Combine using prepositional or infinitive phrases. These show purpose, reason, or condition. Rule: Begin with a preposition or to plus a verb, linking ideas smoothly. Exercise two: Due to a lack of diligence, your son has lost his place as a topper and does not even figure in the top ten list. Exercise three: In our films, it is very easy to tell the heroes from the villains by the former doing only good and the latter doing only bad. Exercise four: Most agree that the clothes you wear serve to identify your social status, authority, and sophistication. Exercise five: To move up the corporate ladder, be prepared to dress properly in dark, pinstriped suits. Exercise six: On hearing the news of her husband's death, she fainted from shock.
Part E: Combine using adverbial phrases. These modify verbs or adjectives to show manner, time, place, or degree. Rule: Insert a phrase that clarifies how, when, or why the action happens. Exercise two: Unfortunately, he forgot to bring the keys to the main gate and the main door. Exercise three: By sunset, the naughty boys had not yet reached home. Exercise four: Without any reason, the masked villains attacked our hero with cruel blows. Exercise five: Through hard work, he has succeeded beyond our expectations.
[CHECKPOINT]
For the Fun with Language word grid, you must locate thirty professions in the provided grid. Words may run forwards, backwards, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally in straight lines. The target words are: Airman, Architect, Auditor, Baker, Biologist, Carer, Caretaker, Carpenter, Conductor, Cook, Decorator, Doorman, Estimator, Financier, Fisherman, Geologist, Goldsmith, Grocer, Homeopath, Machinist, Nurse, Registrar, Sailor, Seamstress, Secretary, Tailor, Technician, Translator, Typesetter, and Undertaker. Use your textbook grid to scan systematically. Circle each word as you find it. This activity sharpens visual scanning, spelling accuracy, and vocabulary retention.
Finally, review the author and suggested reading sections. A.G. Macdonell lived from eighteen ninety-five to nineteen forty-one. He is chiefly known for his novel England, their England, which presents a humorous picture of English characters. The novel follows a young Scottish novelist traveling through England to collect material for a book about the English. This chapter is an excerpt from that novel, depicting a hilarious village cricket match. For further reading, the textbook recommends Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest, P.G. Wodehouse’s short story The Prize Poem, and R.K. Narayan’s Short Stories. These works share themes of social observation, irony, and literary wit.
Thank you for listening! Keep revising and practicing. Goodbye! [CHAPTER_COMPLETE]