Welcome dear students! Today we are going to learn about India - Major Industries from Class 10 Social Science. In this chapter, you will learn about the importance of Indian industries and major industrial areas, the factors influencing the location of industries, an introduction to different industries, and knowledge-based industries such as Information Technology, Bio-technology, and Advanced Technology. Let us begin by understanding what an industry actually is. Generally, any human activity engaged in the conversion of raw materials or finished goods into readily usable materials is called an industry. For example, sugarcane is converted into sugar, cotton is converted into cloth, bauxite is converted into aluminium, and wood pulp is converted into paper.
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Now, let us look at how industries are classified. Industries are classified into different types based on capital investment. They are large-scale industries, medium-scale industries, and small-scale industries. Based on the raw materials, industries are classified into different kinds. They are agriculture-based industries, mineral-based industries, forest-based industries, and chemical industries. Note this classification for your examinations. Industries are very important in the modern economic activities of man. The state of economic development of any country is decided mainly by the industrial development of that country. Industries are the main features of modern civilization and they provide us the necessary materials and employment opportunities. During all the five-year plans after the post-independence period, India gave priority to industries. The progress in industry and technology in the last five decades is very significant. Industries provide 35 percent of the total national income besides providing employment to 16 percent of the population. Industries are second only to agriculture in providing national income and employment opportunities.
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Certain areas of the country have more concentration of industries. These areas are called Industrial Zones. There are eight main industrial zones in the country. They are the Hoogly Region, the Mumbai-Pune Region, the Ahmedabad-Vadodara Region, the Damodar Valley Industrial Region, the Southern Industrial Region, the National Capital Region, the Vishakapatnam-Guntur Region, and the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram Region. Factors influencing the location of industries are crucial to understand. Industries are concentrated mainly in the areas of advantages. Availability of raw materials, energy resources, market, transport facility, availability of labour, and port facility influence the location of industries. Besides, the location of industries is also influenced by land availability at low cost, technology, and government policies. In addition, factors influencing the location of industries vary from one type of industry to another.
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Let us now study the important industries of India, starting with the Iron and Steel Industry. This is called a basic industry, because the region of this industry provides the raw materials to machinery, railways, ship building, power projects, irrigation projects, building construction, and house construction. There are nine big iron and steel industries in India. The first steel industry of the country was established in the year 1870 at Kulti in West Bengal, known as Bengal Iron Company Limited. Subsequently, in the year 1907, Tata Iron and Steel Industry near Jamshedpur was established, and in 1919, the Iron and Steel Company at Burnpur in West Bengal was established. In 1923, Mysore state established the Mysore Iron and Steel Works at Bhadravathi. The major iron and steel industries in India are Tata Iron and Steel Plant at Jamshedpur in Jharkhand, Indian Iron and Steel Company at Burnpur in West Bengal, Visweswarayya Iron and Steel Company at Bhadravathi in Karnataka, Bhilai Steel Plant at Bhilai in Chhattisgarh, Rourkela Steel Plant at Rourkela in Odisha, Durgapur Steel Plant at Durgapur in West Bengal, Bokaro Steel Plant at Bokaro in Jharkhand, Salem Steel Plant at Salem in Tamil Nadu, and Vishakapatnam Steel Plant at Vishakapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. Recently, many private steel industries have been established. Since India has the potential for steel production and export, the export is increasing.
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Next is the Cotton Textile Industry. Production of cloth from various types of fibres is called Textile Industry. It includes the cotton textile industry, jute industry, silk industry, woollen industry, and production of cloth from synthetic fibres. The history of the cotton textile industry has a longer period than other industries. In India, the first cotton textile industry was established in 1854 at Mumbai and Baruch. In the year 1951, there were 378 cotton textile industries and their number increased to a great extent. They are distributed in more than 175 towns and cities across the country. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh have the maximum number of cotton textile industries. Mumbai of Maharashtra has the highest cotton mills and hence it is called the Manchester of India, because Manchester is Britain main textile industry centre, and it is also called the Cottonopolis of India. In addition, Nagpur and Sholapur in Maharashtra, Kolkata in West Bengal, Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, Indore in Madhya Pradesh, Surat in Gujarat, Coimbatore, Salem, and Chennai in Tamil Nadu, and Bengaluru and Davangere in Karnataka have cotton textile industries.
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Now let us move on to the Sugar Industry. India ranks first in the production of sugar and second in its export. Sugar production was known to Indians since ancient times. This industry is located in sugarcane growing areas. The maximum number of sugar industries are located in the Ganga river plain region. The sugar industries are found in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. There are more than 700 sugar mills in India producing about 359 lakh metric tons of sugar. Sugar is being exported to the United States of America, Britain, Iran, Canada, and Malaysia. The Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh has the maximum number of sugar mills and it is called the Java of India. The word sugar is derived from the Sanskrit word Sharkara, which is called Sakkare in Kannada. Following this is the Aluminium Industry. Aluminium was discovered recently in the year 1886. It is the most important non-ferrous metal produced in India. Aluminium industries are concentrated in a few places in the country. This industry depends mainly on three factors: supply of electricity, availability of bauxite, availability of other minerals, and supply of capital. The aluminium industries are in Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
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Let us study the Paper Industry. The first paper industry in India was established in Serampur of West Bengal in 1840 on the banks of the river Hoogly. Later, in 1867, another factory was started in Bally near Kolkata. The raw materials for the paper industry are bamboo obtained from the forests, wood pulp, and grass. The majority of the paper industries of the country are found in West Bengal. In addition to these, paper factories are also established in Mumbai, Pune, Amaravathi, Nagpur, Nasik, and Karad in Maharashtra, Raja Mahendravaram and Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh, Meerut, Varanasi, Ghaziabad, and Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh. Paper factories are located in many places of Gujarat, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. There are many paper mills in various places in the country. Newsprint paper is being imported from Norway, Sweden, Canada, and the United States of America. Now we will discuss the Knowledge-based Industry. At present, the industry progressing very rapidly in India is Information Technology. This is called the Knowledge-based industry. It is based on human knowledge, therefore it is called by this name. It has a great influence on the country economy and the lifestyle of the people. The growth rate in this industry is first among the other industries.
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Under this category, we have Information Technology. In order to encourage development of the software industry and its export, the Indian government established Software Technology Parks in 1991 itself. Today, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh are very much advanced having developed information technology training centres and universities. Software forms a major part of our exports and has enabled us to earn foreign exchange. Bengaluru is the center of Information Technology and it is called the Silicon Valley of India. Next is Bio-technology. The Indian Government established a separate corporation in 1986 for the development of Bio-technology, due to which a great revolution was started in agriculture. Through the procedure of grafting in plants and animals and by the use of new seeds, medicines, fertilizers, organic fertilizers, developed hybrid seeds like soya beans, maize, and cotton have been developed. In recent times, plant biotechnology, environment, bio-diversity, and medical biotechnology are also being used. Many states in India have developed biotechnology. Among them, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, and Karnataka are prominent.
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The third sub category is Advanced Technology. With the development of human knowledge and increased use of advanced technology, the Central Government formally set the Advanced Technology Attachment in 1990. As a result of this, advanced technology is used in telephone, internet communication, defence department, weapons and nuclear bombs, satellite launching, lunar projects like Chandrayana, transparent city administration in government offices such as Nemmadi, Sakala, Janaspandana, development of global economic system, educational, social and economic affairs, and elections. Today with the use of Artificial Intelligence, advanced technology has reached a new phase. Let us now learn about the Indian Space Research Organization. The organization is involved in science, engineering, and technology to harvest the benefits of outer space for India and mankind. This organization came into existence on 15 August 1969. Its headquarters is at Bengaluru. The first Chairman was Doctor Vikram Sarabhai. The outstanding achievements are the Indian National Satellite System introduced for enhancing better experience in search and rescue operations, India being the first country to reach Mars at the first attempt, and India being the first country to land on the lunar South pole of the moon through a satellite launched by the organization.
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Now, let us address the activities mentioned in your textbook. First, remember that any activity engaged in the conversion of raw materials or finished goods into readily usable materials is called an industry. Second, you know about the usefulness of information technology in your school. Think about how computers and internet access help you complete assignments, access digital libraries, and communicate with teachers. For the map activity, you are instructed to draw a map of India and mark the various industrial regions. As you draw, carefully locate the Hoogly region in West Bengal, the Mumbai-Pune region in Maharashtra, the Ahmedabad-Vadodara region in Gujarat, the Damodar Valley in Jharkhand and West Bengal, the Southern region covering Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, the National Capital Region around Delhi, the Vishakapatnam-Guntur region in Andhra Pradesh, and the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram region in Kerala. For the project, visit a factory near your town or village, and collect information about how a particular product is manufactured using the raw material there. Observe the machinery, the workers, the raw material input, and the final product output.
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Now, we will solve the exercises completely. Exercise One asks you to fill in the blanks with suitable words. Question one: Bengal iron company of West Bengal is located in Kulti. Question two: Manufacturing of cloth from various kinds of fibres is called Textile industry. Question three: The first paper industry of India was located on banks of Hoogly river. Question four: The Indian Space Research Organization was established in the year 1969. Exercise Two asks you to answer the following questions in brief. Question five: Make a list of industrial zones. The eight industrial zones are the Hoogly Region, the Mumbai-Pune Region, the Ahmedabad-Vadodara Region, the Damodar Valley Industrial Region, the Southern Industrial Region, the National Capital Region, the Vishakapatnam-Guntur Region, and the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram Region. Question six: Which are the places of Iron and steel industry? The places are Jamshedpur in Jharkhand, Burnpur in West Bengal, Bhadravathi in Karnataka, Bhilai in Chhattisgarh, Rourkela in Odisha, Durgapur in West Bengal, Bokaro in Jharkhand, Salem in Tamil Nadu, and Vishakapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
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Question seven: What are the factors influencing the location of an industry? The factors are availability of raw materials, energy resources, market, transport facility, availability of labour, port facility, land availability at low cost, technology, and government policies. Question eight: What are the raw materials used in paper industry? The raw materials are bamboo obtained from the forests, wood pulp, and grass. Question nine: Explain the distribution of cotton textile industries in India. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh have the maximum number of cotton textile industries. Mumbai has the highest number of cotton mills. Other major centres include Nagpur, Sholapur, Kolkata, Kanpur, Indore, Surat, Coimbatore, Salem, Chennai, Bengaluru, and Davangere. Question ten: What are the effects of biotechnology on agriculture? It has started a great revolution in agriculture through grafting in plants and animals, use of new seeds, medicines, fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and development of hybrid seeds like soya beans, maize, and cotton. It also aids plant biotechnology, environment management, bio-diversity conservation, and medical biotechnology.
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Question eleven: What are the changes resulting from the use of advanced technology? Advanced technology is used in telephone and internet communication, defence department, weapons and nuclear bombs, satellite launching, lunar projects like Chandrayana, transparent city administration in government offices, development of global economic system, educational, social and economic affairs, and elections. It has also reached a new phase with Artificial Intelligence. Question twelve: What are the main achievements of the Indian Space Research Organization? The main achievements are the introduction of the Indian National Satellite System for search and rescue operations, India becoming the first country to reach Mars at the first attempt, and India becoming the first country to land on the lunar South pole of the moon through a satellite. Exercise Three asks you to match the following. Mumbai matches with Manchester of India. Bengaluru matches with Silicon Valley. Bhadravathi matches with Visweswarayya Iron and Steel Industry. Belagavi district matches with Sugar industries. Exercise Four is the map activity which we have already discussed. Draw a map of India and mark the eight industrial regions clearly. Exercise Five is the project activity where you must visit a local factory and document the manufacturing process from raw material to finished product. Record the steps, machinery used, and labour involved. This will give you practical insight into industrial operations. Remember to revise the lists of industrial zones, the nine steel plants, the factors influencing industry location, and the achievements of the space organization. These are highly important for your board examinations. Practice writing the definitions verbatim and ensure you can recall all the states and cities associated with each industry type.
Thank you for listening! Keep revising and practicing. Goodbye! [CHAPTER_COMPLETE]