Welcome dear students! Today we are going to learn about Our Pride Our State - Karnataka from Class 6 Social_Science. Karnataka is our state and Kannada is our language. It is very important for us to know about the natural resources, agriculture, industries, and other wonderful aspects of our beautiful land. To help us understand this better, this chapter introduces the four revenue divisions of Karnataka. We will learn about the rivers, the crops we grow, the products we make, our banks, irrigation facilities, forests, and the wildlife of our land. For better administration, our state is divided into four revenue divisions. Let us explore each one together.
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First, let us understand the historical background of Karnataka. Our land has a rich history spanning two thousand years. Many parts of our state contain prehistoric stone age sites. During British rule, various districts were formed. In many instances, the district headquarters have changed over time. Some districts are small in area, while others are vast. Looking at the division wise map of Karnataka State, we can clearly see the boundaries and locations of the Raichur, Bagalkote, Dharwad, Ballari, Hassan, and Vijayanagara divisions spread across the state. For the convenience of administration, four revenue divisions have been formed. They are the Bengaluru Division with nine districts, the Mysuru Division with eight districts, the Belagavi Division with seven districts, and the Kalaburagi Division with seven districts. This makes a total of thirty-one districts in our state. Each district is headed by a Deputy Commissioner, and each division is headed by a Divisional Commissioner. We shall now learn about these four divisions, their uniqueness, natural resources, agriculture, industries, rivers, crops, forests, climate, art, literature, folklore, sports, festivals, and much more.
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Let us begin with the Bengaluru Division. Bengaluru is the capital of Karnataka and also one of the revenue administrative divisions. There are nine districts in this division. They are Bengaluru Urban, Bengaluru Rural, Kolar, Chikkaballapura, Ramanagara, Tumakuru, Chitradurga, Davanagere, and Shivamogga. Looking at the district wise map of Bengaluru Division, we can see these nine districts arranged in the southern part of Karnataka. Now, let us explore its historical background. The Bengaluru division has an ancient background. The earliest rulers were from the Ganga Dynasty, and their capital was Kuvalalapura, which is the present day Kolar. After the decline of the Gangas, the area came under the rule of the Cholas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagar Kings, Marathas, Mysuru, and Bijapur’s Adil Shahi. During the rule of the Vijayanagar Empire, many Palegaras administered different regions. These regions were called Palepattu. The leaders of the Palegaras are called Nayakas. These Palegaras were loyal to the Vijayanagar Kings. Some of the important Palepattus were Keladi, Chitradurga, Yelahanka, and Chikkaballapura.
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Next, we will learn about the natural resources of this division. Resources obtained from nature are called as Natural Resources. Rivers, forests, valleys, waterfalls, animals, minerals, wild animals, soil, and others are the resources provided to us by nature. The Bengaluru division has a Tropical Monsoon climate, but the climate of all the districts is not similar. Kolar has a hot climate, whereas the Shivamogga district in the Malnad region gets the highest rainfall. Chitradurga receives the lowest rainfall. The remaining districts, which are Tumakuru, Davanagere, Bengaluru Rural, Ramanagara, and Chikkaballapura, receive moderate rainfall. Many rivers in this division originate in the Western Ghats. Some of the important rivers are Uttara Pinakini, Dakshina Pinakini, Vedavathi, Shimsha, Tungabhadra, Sharavathi, Varada, and others. The River Sharavathi flows in the western direction, and the world famous Jogfalls formed by this river is located in the Shivamogga district. The water falls named Muthyalamadu is in the Bengaluru district. The Gajanur dam, also known as the Tunga dam, is in the Shivamogga district. This division has numerous lakes. The Mysuru Kings constructed many dams. The Vanivilas Sagar dam is one such irrigation project located in Hiriyur taluk of Chitradurga. Another dam is at Markonahalli in Kunigal Taluk of Tumakuru district.
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Unfortunately, many rivers have dried due to environmental pollution, deforestation, uncontrolled urbanization, and many other reasons. Many rivers of Bengaluru Urban district are on the verge of extinction. Many lakes are being destroyed by multiple conversions of land. As a result, there is a severe scarcity of water. There is an urgent need to protect water sources like lakes and save underground water. This division also has many mineral deposits. The most productive gold mines of the country are in Karnataka, and the Kolar Gold Mine is famous among all, though its gold deposit is now exhausted. Iron ore deposits are found in Chitradurga and Tumakuru districts. Chitradurga also has copper mines. Now, let us look at the forests, wild animals, and national parks. There is dense forest in the Shivamogga District of the Bengaluru division. The forest cover of Bengaluru Urban district is the least. The districts of this division have forests ranging from Evergreen forests to Deciduous forests. The Sahyadri mountain range passes on the borders of Shivamogga district. These forests have Bamboo, Banyan, Tamarind, Sandalwood, Dindiga, Teak, Jali, Mango, and Neem trees. Minor forest produce has been the means of livelihood for many people. The tallest mountain in this division is Halurameshwara gudda in Chitradurga district. Other famous mountains are Kavaledurga, Chandragutthi, Kodachadri, and Nandidurga.
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This division is home to many wild animals. Wildcat, Tiger, Leopard, Bison, Wild Pig, Deer, Bear, and wolf are some of the important wild animals. For the protection of the forest and animals, many Forest Reserves, Wild Life Sanctuaries, and National Parks have been established. The important Sanctuaries in the Bengaluru division are Jogimatti wild life Sanctuary in Chitradurga, Bannerghatta National Park in Bengaluru urban district, Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary in Shivamogga district, Sharavathi Wild Life Sanctuary in Shivamogga district, Shettyhalli Wild Life Sanctuary in Shivamogga district, Gudavi Bird Sanctuary in Shivamogga district, Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary in Shivamogga district, Kaggaladu Bird Sanctuary in Tumakuru, Ramadevara betta Vulture Sanctuary in Ramanagara, and Jayamangali blackbuck sanctuary in Tumakuru. Children, do you want to see wild animals like tiger, bear, elephant, deer, and other animals in the forest? If so, do visit the Wild Life Sanctuaries and Bird Sanctuaries present in your division and enjoy seeing those wild animals in their natural environment.
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Moving on to agriculture and the growth of industries. Agriculture is the main occupation of people in the Bengaluru division. This division has more dry land agriculture, and the agricultural activity is rain dependent. Shivamogga district has the highest lake irrigated area. This division has sand mixed red soil, and black soil is also available in some parts. The main crops of this division are ragi, maize, paddy, groundnuts, and various pulses. Important commercial crops are coconut, arecanut, cotton, sugarcane, and others. Mulberry, which is the backbone of the silk industry, is cultivated in Bengaluru Urban district, Bengaluru Rural district, Ramanagar, Kolar, and Chikaballapur districts. Fruits like chikku, papaya, jackfruit, orange, and banana are grown here. Ragi and rice are the major staple food in this division, and rotis made of ragi and rice are consumed more. The usage of chapathis made out of wheat flour is more in recent times. Sweets like payasa, holige, kichadi, and shavige are consumed during festivals. In few festivals, consuming non-veg is a custom. The Government has established Agricultural Produce Markets in all the taluk and district headquarters where farmers can sell their produces directly. The government has also established granaries or warehouses in all district and taluk headquarters for farmers to store their produce.
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Now, let us talk about industries. Industries flourished during the rule of kings and diwans. During K. Sheshadri Iyer’s period, the Shivanasamudra Jalvidyuth Shakthi project was taken up, and a hydropower project was undertaken which facilitated the gold mining industry in KGF. During the reign of Vishveshwaraiah and Mirza Ismail, many industries were started. Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah is known as the builder of the industrial sector of the state. He implemented the visionary ideas of Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar and put them into practice. Bengaluru is an important industrial centre in the country. There is an Iron and Steel industry in Bhadravathi of Shivamogga district. It was established in the year 1923 C.E. It is now called Vishveshwaraiah Iron and Steel Industries Limited. There is a paper production factory here, established in 1936 C.E. The first cement factory of the state was established in Bhadravathi. The Birla Cement Factory is in Ammasandra of Tumakuru district. Bengaluru is famous for Information Technology and Biotechnology Industries. Big industries have been set up at various places in the Bengaluru division, and industries are the main source of employment. Karnataka is ranked second in the export of garments in India. The government has established Apparel Parks in cities like Doddaballapur and Anekal to promote the production of readymade garments. Industries like Aeronautics, Electronics, Information Technology, and Biotechnology are active in Bengaluru. Some of these industries are public companies and many are private companies.
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Let us explore the art, literature, folklore, theatre, and dance of this division. This division is known for its art and literature since ancient times. Akkamahadevi and Allamaprabhu, who contributed immensely to the twelfth century Vachana literature, are from Balligavi of Shivamogga district. Similarly, Shripadarayaru and others who were part of the Dasa Parampare are from this division. Modern literature has been enriched by Rastra kavi and Gnanapeeth awardee Kuvempu, who belongs to this division. Other two Gnanapeeth awardees of this division are Masti Venkatesha Iyengar and U.R. Anantha Murthy. D.V. Gundappa, P. Lankesh, Nisar Ahamed, T.P. Kailasam, M.K. Indira, Ta.ra.su, Dr. Anupama Niranjana, Ha.Ma. Nayak, V. Seetharamaiah, B.G.L. Swamy, M.V. Seetharamaiah, K.V. Subbanna, G. Venkatasubbaiah, G.S. Shivarudrappa, Baraguru Ramachandrappa, Dr. D.R. Nagaraja, Dr. Siddalingaiah, Na. D’Souza, Dodda Rangegowda, Prathibha Nandakumar, and others are prominent writers who enriched Kannada literature of this division. The achievement of this division is significant in theatre as well. The name of Gubbi Veeranna has remained eternal in the history of Karnataka theatre. He held titles like Natakarathna and Nataka Sarvabhouma. He belongs to Gubbi in Tumkur district. Another important name is Subbaiah Naidu in the history of Karnataka theatre. He was the hero of the first Kannada talkie movie Sathi Sulochana. The contributions of K. Hirannaiah, a decent comedian, and his son Master Hirannaiah are appreciable. Smt. Mayarao, who contributed immensely in the field of dance, is from Bengaluru. Now, Bengaluru is an important centre of the cinema industry, and the Bengaluru literature festival is also held here. The film industry is growing positively, and contributions from personalities like Dr. Rajkumar, Dr. Vishnuvardhan, Shankar Nag, Ambarish, and others are responsible for its development.
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This division is also known for folklore and folk art. The famous folklore expert and writer Dr. H.L. Nagegowda has established a folklore centre called Janapada Loka in Ramanagar District. The famous folk arts of Bengaluru Division include the Karaga Festival that takes place every year in Bengaluru. Somana Kunitha, famous in South Karnataka, is another folk art. Mudalapalya Yakshagana is the famous folk theatre of this division. Gaarudi Kunitha, Dollu Kunitha, Kamsale Kunitha, and others are famous folk arts. The contributions of R.S. Naidu, Rumale Chennabasavaiah, and Venkatappa in the field of visual art are unique. Now, let us move to education and health. The Bengaluru Division has achieved immensely in education. Two recipients of the Bharat Ratna Award, the highest civilian honour of India, are from Chikkaballapura district. They are Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah and Prof. C.N.R Rao. Sir C.V. Raman, the Nobel winning physicist, conducted his research in Bengaluru. Bengaluru is a famous centre of education with many public and private universities, as well as central research and scientific laboratories. Bengaluru, Tumakuru, Shivamogga, and Davanagere have universities. There is an Agricultural University in Bengaluru. The government has encouraged primary education since the pre-independence period. Many religious institutions provide education. Under the leadership of Sri Shivakumara Swamiji, Siddhaganga Mutt provides food and education to thousands of students. The educational service of Adichunchangiri mutt, which grew under the leadership of Sri Balagangadharanatha Swamiji born in Ramanagara district, is remarkable and runs colleges for basic and vocational education. Educational services of Murugarajendra Mutt and Sirigeri Taralabalu Mutt are also remarkable.
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In the field of health, the Bengaluru division has achieved considerable progress. It has prevented contagious diseases, infant death rates have been reduced drastically, and smallpox and polio have been eradicated completely. However, children and women in rural areas are still malnourished. In rural areas, primary health centers and health sub centers provide needed medical facilities. Every district center has a well equipped district hospital. Bigger towns have Community Health Centers. Taluk centers have taluk hospitals. The government has established Primary Health Centres which function twenty four by seven to ensure safe delivery. Mobile Health Facilities, or mobile health vans, are there to provide better facilities to pregnant women in rural areas. The Bengaluru division is culturally rich. Religious places, tourist centres, cultural festivals, and fairs have made this division rich. Political veterans have also contributed to the development of the state. The Chief Architect of the Karnataka Unification Movement, Kengal Hanumanthaiah, is from this division. The Vidhana Soudha building was built during his tenure as Chief Minister. Another pioneer of the Karnataka Unification Movement, S. Nijalingappa, undertook many important programmes aimed at building a strong state. Salumarada Thimmakka is the synonym for environment protection. Anil Kumble has contributed immensely to cricket. B.K.S Iyengar and Shri Ragavendra Swamiji from Malladihalli, who have contributed notably in the field of Yoga, are from this division. There are many sightseeing places like the Vidhana Soudha and Lalbagh.
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Many prudent people from the Bengaluru division took part in the National Freedom Struggle. K.C. Reddy, the first Chief Minister of Mysuru state, the second Chief Minister Kengal Hanumanthaiah, along with the first Chief Minister of Vishala Mysore state S. Nijalingappa, the second Chief Minister Kadidal Manjappa, Thi. Tha. Sharma, H.S. Doreswamy, Bageerathamma, and many others participated. Kengal Hanumanthaiah and S. Nijalingappa were also architects of the Karnataka Unification Movement. We must also remember Shanthaveri Gopala Gowda, the greatest idealistic politician Karnataka has ever seen. He was born on March 14, 1923 C.E., in Araga, Theerthahalli Taluk of Shivamogga district. The twenty eight year old Gopala Gowda plunged into the Kogodu Land reform movement in 1951 C.E. and was arrested. Due to his involvement in the struggle of the Land Tenants, it came to be recognized as the agitation of the Samajavadi party. His role was prominent in the Unification of Kannada speaking territories and in renaming the Mysore state as Karnataka. His speeches in the Legislative Assembly and the values he followed in his life made him one of Karnataka’s renowned politicians. He passed away on 9th June 1972 C.E. due to illness.
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Now, let us carefully go through the exercises for this section. Exercise One asks us to fill in the blanks. One, there are nine districts in Bengaluru division. Two, the district with the highest rainfall in Bengaluru division is Shivamogga district. Three, Bannerghatta National Park is in Bengaluru urban district. Four, Mulberry leaves is the raw material for the silk industry. Five, the famous folk museum Janapada Loka was founded by Dr. H.L. Nagegowda. Six, the famous festival held in Bengaluru city every year is the Karaga Festival. Seven, the first Chief Minister of Mysore State was K.C. Reddy. Eight, the Vulture bird is protected at the bird sanctuary in Ramanagara district. Exercise Two asks us to answer in one sentence. Nine, three kingdoms who ruled ancient Karnataka are the Ganga Dynasty, the Cholas, and the Hoysalas. Ten, two Palepattus who ruled in this division are Keladi and Chitradurga. Eleven, Natural Resources are resources obtained from nature, and examples include rivers, forests, valleys, waterfalls, animals, minerals, and soil. Twelve, the reasons for scarcity of water in Bengaluru division are environmental pollution, deforestation, uncontrolled urbanization, rivers drying up on the verge of extinction, and lakes being destroyed by multiple land conversions. Thirteen, two water falls in Bengaluru Division are Jogfalls and Muthyalamadu. Fourteen, the highest mountain in Bengaluru Division is Halurameshwara gudda in Chitradurga district. Fifteen, two Bird Sanctuaries in Bengaluru Division are Gudavi Bird Sanctuary and Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary. Sixteen, the important crops of Bengaluru division are ragi, maize, paddy, groundnuts, and various pulses. Seventeen, the cities of Bengaluru Division that have Apparel Parks are Doddaballapur and Anekal. Eighteen, the three recipients of Jnanapeeta Award from Bengaluru division are Kuvempu, Masti Venkatesha Iyengar, and U.R. Anantha Murthy.
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Now, let us complete the activities for this section. The first activity asks you to visit Bannerghatta National Park, make a list of animals in the park, collect pictures of wild animals, and prepare a report on them. The second activity asks you to make a list of important factories in Bengaluru, collect their pictures, and prepare a report. I encourage you to complete these activities to deepen your understanding. Now, let us move on to the Mysuru Division. Mysuru is another administrative division of our state. Mysuru was the capital of the Wodeyar kings. There are eight districts in this division: Mysuru, Mandya, Hassan, Chikkamagalur, Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Chamarajanagara, and Kodagu. The administrative center is Mysuru. This division is famous for rivers, mountain ranges, forests, wild animals, coffee plantations, coasts, and ports. Looking at the district wise map of Mysuru Division, we can see these eight districts arranged in the southern and coastal parts of Karnataka.
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Let us explore the historical background of the Mysuru Division. The history begins with the Ganga rule, and Talakaadu was their capital. Later, Mysuru came under the rule of the Cholas, Hoysalas, and Vijayanagar Kings. Mysuru was under the rule of the Wodeyars for many centuries. For some years, it was also under the rule of Hyder Ali and his son Tippu Sultan. Mysuru is called Mahishanadu historically and mythologically. According to mythological stories, the Goddess Parvathi took the form of Chamundeshwari and killed the demon Mahishasura. The place where Mahisha was killed became Mysuru. Yaduraya was the first ruler of the Wodeyar Dynasty. Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar is the most famous king. The kings who succeeded him were weak. Hyder Ali, who was the military general then, took over the administration. He and his son Tippu Sultan ruled Mysuru from 1761 C.E. to 1799 C.E. Tippu Sultan fought many battles against the British and died in a war against them in 1799 C.E. After his death, the administration came back to the Wodeyars. The Britishers took over the administration again in 1831 C.E. due to weak administration. In 1881 C.E., the administration was given back to the Wodeyars. Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV undertook many people friendly developmental measures in the early twentieth century, giving prominence to education, culture, and irrigation. The Mysuru Kingdom got integrated into the Republic of India after independence in 1947 C.E.
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The districts of this division also have rich histories. Kodagu was ruled by many dynasties. The Haleri Dynasty ruled Kodagu from the seventeenth century, with Bidanuru as their capital. Doddaveerappa was the most famous king of this dynasty, and Chikkaveeraraja was the last ruler. The British took advantage of his weakness and took over the administration. Kodagu remained an independent state after Indian Independence and got integrated into then Mysuru State in 1956 C.E. The Keladi dynasty is another important one. Rani Abbakka of Ullala fought against the Portuguese. The coastal area of Karnataka is called Tulunadu. The Alupa Dynasty ruled over Tulunadu, which includes present Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts, from the 7th century to the 14th century. Udyavara, Mangalapura, Huncha, and Banavasi were the capitals of the Alupas. Many Palegaras ruled Tulunadu. Puttige’s Choutas, Bangawadi’s Bangaru, Karkala’s Byravarasaru, and Kasaragodu’s Kumble Kings are well known. The coastal Karnataka was called Canara by the British. They took over this area in 1801 C.E. and divided it into Uttara Kannada and Dakshina Kannada in 1860 C.E. Udupi district was created in 1997 C.E. by dividing Dakshina Kannada district.
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Now, let us learn about the natural resources of the Mysuru Division. This division has a varied climate. The Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts have coastal areas. Because of the coastal belt, mountain ranges, and dense forests, the climate is called Rain based hot climate. It also has extreme cold and moderate hot climates. Mysuru and Mandya districts have a dry climate. Udupi district receives the highest rainfall, whereas Mandya district receives the lowest rainfall. Due to varied climatic conditions, a variety of crops are grown. Ragi, paddy, uradh, greengram, horsegram, maize, and other crops are grown here. Coffee, sugarcane, tobacco, areca nut, cardamom, orange, pineapple, cashewnuts, and others are major commercial crops. The first coffee in India was cultivated in Chikkamagaluru district. Betel leaves are grown in many parts. This division is rich in natural resources. There are many types of forests in Kodagu, Dakshina Kannada, Mysuru, and Chikkamagaluru districts. Teak, Sandalwood, Honge, Nandi, Mathi, and other trees are available. These forests are known for minor products like honey, bees wax, and wild fruits. The division has many mountains: Subramanya Hill, Himavad Gopalaswamy Hill, Male mahadeshwara Hill, Biligirirangana Hill, Mullaiahnagiri, Kemmannugundi, Chamundi Hill, Chandragiri, and Indiragiri of Shravanabelagola. The Mysuru division is known for dense forests and vast biodiversity. Tiger, Leopard, Wild dogs, Deer, Fox, Bison, different types of Snakes, and other wild animals are present. The Bannur Sheep of Mysore district is very famous.
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The famous rivers of this division are Cauvery, Hemavathi, Harangi, Nethravathi, Kumaradhara, Vedavathi, Kapila, and Yagachi. There are many waterfalls too: Gaganachukki, Bharachukki, Abbe falls, Irupu falls, Hebbe falls, and others. Bauxites, Felsite, Chromite, Limestone, Manganese, and Granite are major minerals. Felsite is available only in Mysuru district. The coastal districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada are known for fishing and have many ports. Processed fish is exported here, providing income for thousands of fishermen. Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru, and Mysuru districts have become centres of timber trade. Now, let us look at forests, wildlife, and national parks. Mysuru, Kodagu, Chikkamagalur, and Hassan districts have dense forests. Bandipur, Nagarahole, Male Mahadeshwara betta, and Pushpagiri are famous forest areas. Minor forest produce provides livelihood for thousands of tribals. The districts are home to many tribal communities. Jenukuruba is the biggest tribal community, living in Mysuru and Chamarajanagar districts. Dakshina Kannada and Udupi have the Koraga tribal population, the most backward tribe. Malekudia tribals are found in Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada districts. The Soliga tribe lives in Chamarajanagar district. Apart from these, Yarava, Hakkipikki, Halasa, and Medaru tribes are also present. Tiger conservation projects are in force. Three out of five state tiger projects are in this division: Bandipur, Nagarahole, and Bhadra. Elephant protection projects are also implemented to stop illegal poaching for tusks and skin. Karnataka has the second highest number of tigers in India.
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The Mysuru Division has the highest number of wildlife and bird sanctuaries in the state. Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, Gudavi Bird Sanctuary, and Kokkare Belluru Bird Sanctuaries are major bird sanctuaries. Melukote Wildlife Sanctuary, Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, and Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary are in this division. In Mysuru and Kodagu districts is the Rajiv Gandhi Nagarahole National Park, and Bandipur National Park is in Chamarajanagar district. Wild elephants are tamed using the technique called Kedda Operation. Moving to agriculture and industries, agriculture is the lifeline. Mysuru district is famous for silk, while Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru, and Hassan are known for coffee plantations. Mandya is known for sugarcane, and Udupi and Dakshina Kannada for cashewnuts, pepper, rubber, and cardamom. Chikkamagaluru is the highest coffee growing area in India. Agricultural activities include dairying, poultry, sheep rearing, and horticulture. Major crops are paddy, ragi, maize, green gram, uradh, and pulses. Commercial crops are tobacco, coffee, cashewnuts, potato, sugarcane, cotton, orange, and coconut. Four irrigation projects provide facilities: Krishnarajasagar, Harangi, Hemavathi, and Kabini. Agricultural colleges and farms have been established. Major industrial centres are Mysuru, Mangaluru, Hassan, Chikkamagaluru, Mandya, and Madikeri. Major industries include pharmaceutical, coffee curing, food processing, fertilizer, petroleum refinery, Campco chocolate, sugar, and cement manufacturing. Thousands of small and medium scale industries are also active here.
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Let us explore the art, literature, music, folklore, theatre, and dance. Mysuru is called the Land of Art. Coastal districts are known for Yakshagana, which has achieved national and international recognition. Kamsale Kunitha, Choudike Art, Veeragase Kunitha, Pata Kunitha, and Nandikolu are famous folk dances. Unique rituals include Huttari Habba of Kodagu, and Bootharadhane and Kambala of coastal districts. The Mysuru Kingdom patronized art, music, and dance, leading to the evolution of the Mysuru style of painting, dance, and music. Bharathanatya, drama, and music were encouraged by the palace. A theatre repertory group called Rangayana is in Mysuru, founded by the government, producing plays year round. There is a big auditorium called Kalamandira in Mysuru. The districts are also home to many writers. Raja Rao of Hassan is a famous English novelist. R.K. Narayan is a famous English novelist from Mysuru. Shivaram Karanth, the Jnanapita award recipient, is from Dakshina Kannada. K.S. Narasimhaswamy enriched Kannada lyrical poetry. Other writers who enriched the Kannada literary world include Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar, Dr. S.L. Byrappa, M. Gopala Krishna Adiga, B.M. Shrikantaiah, A.N. Murthyrao, Devanuru Mahadeva, Akbar Ali, Sara Abubakar, Alanahalli Krishna, Poornachandra Tejaswi, Kodagina Gowramma, Thirumalamba, Triveni, and Niranjana. Musical giants like R.K. Srikantan, Veene Sheshanna, Piteelu Chowadaiah, Veene Doreswamy Iyengar, and Kadri Gopalanath are from this division. Cartoonist R.K. Laxman, theatre artist Muhammad Peer, painter K.K. Hebbar, and B.V. Karanth contributed greatly. Pre-modern writers like Sanchi Honnamma, Rathnakaravarni, and Singaraya enriched the cultural heritage. Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa and General K.S. Thimmaiah made the country proud through military contributions. Scientists Rajaramanna and U.R. Rao are noteworthy. Devaraj Urs, the harbinger of social justice in Karnataka, is from this division.
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Now, education and health care. Mysuru is an education center with a better literacy rate. The University Of Mysore was established in 1915 C.E. and is now a century old university. Many districts have engineering and medical colleges. Mangalore University is in Dakshina Kannada district, and there are many private universities. The Central Food Technology Research Institute is in Mysuru city. The Suttur Mutt has contributed greatly to education. Dharmastala and Manipal Group of Institutions have done yeomen service in education and medical services. All districts have district hospitals. Rural sub health centres provide care to rural people. Children are regularly vaccinated. Health assistants and ASHA workers provide care to pregnant women. This division has the lowest Child Mortality Rates, better life expectancy, and lower Maternal Mortality Rates, indicating better health status. The Mysuru Division is rich in cultural heritage. Nature is at her best here. While Mandya is famous for sugar, Hassan and Chikkamagaluru are famous for coffee. Coastal districts are famous for Yakshagana, and Chamarajanagar for Kamsale. Temples of Somanathapura and Belur are known for Madanika idols. Gommateshwara, a monolith idol of Shravanabelagola, and temples of Halebeedu and Moodbidre are world famous. River Cauvery originates in Talakaveri of Kodagu district. This division has a coastal line running into 320 kilometers. Fishery, ports, sea based adventure sports, and educational institutions are seen here.
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Let us look at the freedom fighters of this division. The districts were at the helm of the freedom struggle. Khadi production centres as cottage industries were widely available. Kudmal Ranga Rao of Mangaluru dedicated his life for the upliftment of untouchables. Tagadur Ramachandra Rao, a staunch follower of Gandhiji, also worked for the upliftment of untouchables. H.C. Dasappa, Yashodara Dasappa, Karnad Sadashivarao, H.K. Veeranna Gowda, K.T. Bhasyam, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, K.V. Shankaregowda, K. Ramakrishna Karantha, and C.M. Poornacha participated. Many were involved in the Karnataka Unification movement. The Mysuru Dasara Festival is popular internationally. Now, let us answer the exercises for this section. Exercise One fill in the blanks: One, Dakshina Kannada was divided in the year 1997 C.E. to create Udupi district. Two, the Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts are the coastal districts of Mysuru Division. Three, our national animal is the Tiger. Four, wild elephants are tamed using the Kedda Operation technique. Five, the Chikkamagaluru district in Mysuru Division grows more coffee. Six, River Cauvery originates from Talakaveri in Kodagu district. Seven, Kudmal Ranga Rao dedicated his life for the upliftment of untouchables. Eight, the world famous Mysuru Dasara festival is celebrated in Mysuru. Nine, the Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts of Mysuru Division have ports.
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Exercise Two, answer in one sentence: Ten, there are eight districts in Mysuru Division. Eleven, the name Mysuru came into being because the Goddess Parvathi took the form of Chamundeshwari and killed the demon Mahishasura, and the place where Mahisha was killed became Mysuru. Twelve, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV contributed to the development of Mysuru Kingdom during the early part of the 20th century. Thirteen, the Britishers gave the name Canara to the coastal region of Karnataka. Fourteen, two famous rivers in Mysuru division are Cauvery and Hemavathi. Fifteen, Udupi district receives the highest rainfall and Mandya district receives the lowest rainfall in Mysuru division. Sixteen, two minerals available in Mysuru division are Bauxites and Felsite. Seventeen, the major occupation of people in the coastal areas is fishing. Eighteen, two famous forest areas in Mysuru division are Bandipur and Nagarahole. Nineteen, two tribal groups living in Mysuru division are Jenukuruba and Koraga. Twenty, two bird sanctuaries are Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary and Gudavi Bird Sanctuary, and two wildlife sanctuaries are Melukote Wildlife Sanctuary and Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary. Twenty one, two national parks in Mysuru division are Rajiv Gandhi Nagarahole National Park and Bandipur National Park. Twenty two, six crops grown in Mysuru division are ragi, paddy, uradh, greengram, horsegram, and maize. Twenty three, two irrigation projects in Mysuru division are Krishnarajasagar and Harangi. Twenty four, three major occupations in Mysuru division are agriculture, dairying, and fishing. Twenty five, the harvest festival celebrated in Kodagu is the Huttari Habba. Twenty six, Rangayana, the repertory theatre, is based at Mysuru. Twenty seven, two famous Kannada novelists of Mysuru division are Shivaram Karanth and K.S. Narasimhaswamy. Twenty eight, the University Of Mysore has celebrated one hundred years. Twenty nine, the centers which provide health care in rural areas are rural sub health centres. Thirty, two good health indicators are lower Child Mortality Rates and better life expectancy. Thirty one, two famous English Novelists of Mysuru division are Raja Rao and R.K. Narayan. Thirty two, two freedom fighters who fought against untouchability are Kudmal Ranga Rao and Tagadur Ramachandra Rao. Thirty three, Shravanabelagola is famous for the Gommateshwara monolith idol. Thirty four, four freedom fighters of Mysuru division are H.C. Dasappa, Yashodara Dasappa, Karnad Sadashivarao, and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya.
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Now, the activities for this section. The first activity asks you to make a list of ancient temples in Mysuru division along with the kings or kingdoms who constructed them, and collect pictures. The second activity asks you to make a list of Gommateshwara statues in different districts of this division. I encourage you to visit these places and learn more. Now, let us move to the Kalaburagi Division. This division has seven districts: Kalaburagi, Bidar, Ballari, Vijayanagara, Raichur, Koppala, and Yadagir. In the beginning, it had four districts. In 1997 C.E., Koppal district was created out of Raichur district. On December 31, 2009, Yadagir district was newly created out of Kalaburagi district. On October 2, 2021, Vijayanagar district was brought into existence by dividing Ballari district. Looking at the district wise map of Kalaburagi Division, we can see these seven districts located in the northeastern part of Karnataka.
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Let us explore its historical background. Every district has a rich ancient history with prehistoric relics. In the beginning of the historical period, this area was under the rule of Mauryas and Sathavahana. Many inscriptions of Ashoka are found here, along with ancient Buddhist stupas and stone inscriptions. During the 8th century, Rashtrakuta Kings ruled here. Manyaketa, the capital city of Rashtrakutas, is the present day Malakheda of Kalaburagi district. After them, Kalyana Chalukyas ruled, with Basavakalyana as their capital. Hampi of Vijayanagara district was the capital of Vijayanagara Kings. The historic Vachana movement led by Basavanna took place in Basavakalyana. Later, during the medieval period, the Bahamani Kings came to power, with Kalaburagi as their capital. After their decline, Kalaburagi came under the Hyderabad Nizam. Hyderabad became part of independent India in 1948 C.E. During state reorganization in 1956 C.E., Kalaburagi, Bidar, and Raichur districts, which were part of Hyderabad Nizam, were added to Karnataka. Ballari, part of Madras State, was also added. Many Palegaras became powerful after the decline of Vijayanagara and Bahamani sultans. Among them, Palegaras of Harapanahalli, Sandur, Jarimale, and Surapura are well known. After the death of Krishnappa Nayaka of Surapura, his son Venkatappa Nayaka came to power. Aware of the first war of Indian Independence, he waged war against the British, was captured, and imprisoned. British gifted Surapura to Hyderabad Nizam. Bidar, Kalaburagi, and Raichur merged into Karnataka in 1956 C.E.
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The Hyderabad Karnataka Liberation Struggle was significant. When India attained independence, the Hyderabad Nizam refused to integrate his Kingdom with India. Common people launched an agitation led by Swami Ramanandathirtha. Sardar Sharanagowda Inamdar, Shivamurthy Alavandi, Shiruru Veerabhadrappa, Prabhuraja Patil Sanganala, and Pundaleekappa led the agitation. The Nizam government harassed people through his private army known as Razaks. The Central Government undertook direct action and annexed it to India on September 17th, 1948. The main leader was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Historically, people were subjected to exploitation. To correct this, the government introduced the 98th Constitutional Amendment in 2012 C.E. to give importance to education and employment. The present division is known as the Kalyana Karnataka Region. Now, natural resources. Important rivers are Bhima, Tungabhadra, Krishna, Mullamari, and Bennetora. The Kaaranja Dam is a boon to Bidar District. Red, black, and alluvial soils are found here. Paddy is the major crop of Koppala and Raichur district. Sugarcane is the major commercial crop. Other major crops are cotton, foxtail millet, horsegram, and pulses. Forest is sporadic. Dense forest is in Sandur taluk of Ballari district. Bidar has the most sporadic forest, and Koppala has the lowest cover. Minerals available are Silver, Silica, Gold in Raichur district, Iron ore, limestone, and Manganese ore in Ballari and Vijayanagara districts. Granite stone is available in all districts. Tungabhadra Dam provides irrigation to Raichur, Ballari, and Vijayanagara districts. Basavasagara dam across river Krishna provides irrigation to Raichur and Yadagiri districts. Karanja project provides irrigation to Bidar district.
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Forests and wildlife sanctuaries: This division is a forest deficit division with no big wild animals. Langur, Deer, Fox, Monkey, Bear, Wolf, and Wild dogs are found here. Daroji Bear Sanctuary is in Ballari, and deers are in Raichur district. Agriculture and industries: Agriculture is the main occupation. Average rainfall is less, making crops rain dependent and the division prone to droughts. Iron and Steel Industries, Sugar Industries, Cement Industries, and thermal power plants are major industries. Ballari, Vijayanagara, and Koppala have larger Iron and Steel Industries. Yadgir and Kalaburagi have huge cement industries. The Bidari art of Bidar is very famous. Major tourist centres are Hampi, Tungabhadra dam, Sannati, Khwaja Bhande Nawaz Dargah, the fort of Bidar, Basava Kalyana, and the Hatti gold mine of Raichur, which produces the highest gold in India. Now, art, literature, music, folklore, theatre, and dance. The history extends to ancient times. The first literary work in Kannada, Kaviraja Marga, was written during the Rashtrakutas. Adi Kavi Pampa wrote Vikramarjuna Vijaya under King Arikesari. The three Gems of Kannada Literature are Pampa, Ponna, and Ranna. Keshiraja wrote the first grammar book, Shabdhamani Darpana. The Vachana Movement took place in Kalyana. Vachanakaras include Basavanna, Allamaprabhu, Akkamahadevi, Jedara Dasimaiah, and Siddarama. Raichur district is the land of Daasa Sahitya. The Daasakoota was formed under Shri Vyasaraya. Keerthanas were written by Kanakadasa, Purandaradasa, and Raghavendratheertha. Philosophical poets like Chennur Jalal Saab and Hanumanthavva wrote spiritual poems. Modern writers include Siddaiah Puranik, Jayateertha Rajapurohit, Shantarasa, Pandit Tharanath, Beechi, Mudenur Sanganna, Simpi Linganna, Smt. Shylaja Chadachan, Jayadevi Thayi Ligade, Chenanna Valikara, and Jambanna Amarachintha. Musicians include Siddarama Jambaladinni, Pt. Tharanath, Gazal Gundamma, and Subhadramma Mansoor. S.M. Pandith is famous in painting. Folklore theatre includes Doddata, Sannata, and Togalu Bombe, with Belagal Veeranna known in Togalu Bombe. Folk dances include Nandi Kunitha, Allavi Kunitha, Choudammana Kunitha, Lambani Kunitha, Kolata, Veeragase, and Durga-Muragi. Folk art includes Karadi Majalu, shillekyathara atta, Moharam kunitha, and Hagalu vesha. Traditional arts include Bidari art, Kinnala toys, and Koppala blankets.
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Education and health: Raichur and Yadagiri are the most educationally backward districts with the lowest literacy rate, though improvements are happening. Gulbarga University and Karnataka Central University are in Kalaburagi city. Kannada University is in Hampi. Shrikrishnadevaraya University is in Ballari. Agriculture University is in Raichur. In Bidar, Animal Husbandry, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University is present. Narasimha Zara Temple is famous, and there is a Buddha Vihara in Kalaburagi. Medical colleges are in Yadagiri, Ballari, Kalaburagi, Raichur, and Bidar. Every district has a district hospital and health sub centres. A big ESI hospital is in Kalaburagi. Gavi Siddeshwara Mutt of Kopala provided education and food to thousands. Cultural heritage: Four important ancient dynasties are Rashtrakutas, Kalyana Chalukyas, Vijayanagar, and Bahamani Kings. Cottage industries include Bidari art, Kinnala toys, and Koppala blankets. Architecture includes Bidar fort, Hampi monuments, Basava monuments, Khwaja Bandhe Nawaz Dargah, and Sannathi monuments. Freedom fighters: People participated in agitation against the Nizam, freedom struggle, and Karnataka Integration. Two developments were the library movement and opening national schools. Four national schools were established: Nutan Vidyalaya in Kalaburagi in 1907, Usmania National School in Chincholi, Vidyananda Gurukula in Kukanoor in 1922, and Hamdard National School in Raichur in 1922. The national spirit resulted from Arya Samaj and Vandematharam movements. Kalyan Shetty built Tarun Sangh, led by Chandrashekar Patil. Shri Ramananda Teertha is a prominent freedom fighter. Sardar Sharanagowda Inamdhar led the Liberation from Nizam’s Rule Movement. The Razakars harassed people. India got independence on August 15, 1947, but the Kalaburagi Division became independent on September 17, 1948.
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Now, let us answer the exercises for this section. Exercise One fill in the blanks: One, Districts of Kalaburagi division got independence in the year 1948 C.E. Two, there is a gold mine in Raichur district of Kalaburagi division. Three, Ballari district has Daroji Bear Sanctuary. Four, Karnataka Central University is in Kalaburagi district. Five, the name of the University in Hampi of Vijayanagara district is Kannada University. Exercise Two, answer in one sentence: Six, Nizam’s province was merged to India in 1948 C.E. Seven, Hampi was the capital city of the Vijayanagara dynasty. Eight, two Palegaras who ruled after the fall of Bahamani and Vijayanagara Kings are the Palegaras of Harapanahalli and Sandur. Nine, two major rivers of Kalburgi division are Bhima and Tungabhadra. Ten, one dam in Bidar district is the Kaaranja Dam. Eleven, the dam which provides irrigation facility to Raichur, Vijayanagara, and Ballari districts is the Tungabhadra Dam. Twelve, major Industries in Kalaburagi district are Cement Industries. Thirteen, Ballari and Vijayanagara districts have Iron ore and Manganese deposits. Fourteen, the famous Dargah in Kalaburagi is Khwaja Bhande Nawaz Dargah. Fifteen, two epic poems written during ancient times are Kaviraja Marga and Vikramarjuna Vijaya. Sixteen, the Vachana Movement was a leading social reform movement of the twelfth century that took place in Kalyana, led by Basavanna, where many enlightened men and women wrote Vachanas. Seventeen, two people well known in Daasa sahitya are Kanakadasa and Purandaradasa. Eighteen, folk dances of Kalaburagi Division include Nandi Kunitha, Allavi Kunitha, Choudammana Kunitha, Lambani Kunitha, Kolata, Veeragase, and Durga-Muragi. Nineteen, the university in Raichur is the Agriculture University. Twenty, the university in Ballari district is Shrikrishnadevaraya University. Twenty one, Kannada University is located in Hampi. Twenty two, apart from the freedom struggle, two more movements were the library movement and the opening of national schools. Twenty three, the name of Nizam’s private army is the Razakars. Twenty four, two national schools established are Nutan Vidyalaya in Kalaburagi and Hamdard National School in Raichur. Twenty five, Nizam province became part of India on September 17, 1948. Twenty six, an important freedom fighter from Kalaburagi Division is Shri Ramananda Teertha. The activity asks you to make a list of Iron ore mines and Iron and Steel factories in this division, prepare a report with pictures, and learn more about our industrial heritage.
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Now, let us move to our final section, the Belagavi Division. The four districts of this division were in the Bombay region till 1956 C.E. and were integrated into Karnataka during state reorganization. Dharwad district was divided in 1997 C.E. to form Haveri and Gadag districts. Vijayapura district was divided to form Bagalkote district. This division has seven districts: Belagavi, Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Vijayapura, Bagalkote, and Uttara Kannada. Looking at the district wise map of Belagavi Division, we can see these seven districts located in the northwestern part of Karnataka. Historical background: This area was ruled by Sathavahanas and Mauryas. Banavasi was the capital of Kadambas. Badami, the capital of Chalukyas, is in this division. World famous temples are in Pattadakallu, Badami, and Aihole. Badami caves have wonderful idols. Basavanabagevadi and Kudalasangama were centres of the Vachana movement. The final abode of Basavanna is in Kudalasangama. Gol Gombuz of Bijapur and Yellamma Temple of Savadatti are famous. Later, Rashtrakutas and Bahamani rulers ruled here. Rani Chennamma of Kittur fought against the British in 1824 C.E. Sangolli Rayanna’s struggle inspired farmer struggles. The National Convention of Indian National Congress was held at Belagavi under Mahatma Gandhi in 1924 C.E. Tax denial movement took place in Uttara Kannada. Districts were part of Bombay state and integrated into Karnataka in 1956 C.E. Vijayapura, Uttara Kannada, and Belagavi are border districts.
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Natural resources: This division is rich in rivers, dense forests, mineral deposits, fertile soil, and power generation units. Major rivers are Krishna, Malaprabha, Ghataprabha, Bheema, Kali, and Tungabhadra. Waterfalls include Gokak Waterfalls, Magodu waterfalls near Dandeli, Devamala waterfalls near Karavara, and Apsarakonda waterfalls near Murudeshwara. Anshi National Park is on the banks of river Kali. Dandeli wildlife sanctuary and Attiveri Bird Sanctuary are also there. Iron ore is available in Bagalkote. Limestone and Quartz stone are available. Ilkal has huge granite stone deposits, and granite is exported from here. Forests and wildlife: Belagavi, Uttara Kannada, and Dharwad districts have dense forest. Evergreen forests are here, found in tropical climate and remaining green throughout the year. Reserve, protected, and open forests exist. Forest forms 80 percent of Uttara Kannada district. Animals include Elephant, bison, deer, tiger, leopard, bear, peacock, and wild cat. Trees include Rosewood, sandalwood, matti, nandi, and teak. Minor forest produce supports tribal communities. Agriculture and industries: This division has Black and Red soil. Major crops are paddy, cotton, maize, pulses, wheat, groundnuts, pearl millet, and chilly. Jaggery of Mahalingapura, Dried Chilly of Byadgi, and Cashewnuts are major products. Major irrigation projects are Malaprabha Irrigation Project at Navilu Tirtha, Upper Krishna Irrigation Project at Alamatti, and Narayanapura. Major rivers are Kali, varada, sharavathi doni, and bheema. Fishing is the major occupation of Uttara Kannada district with many fish Processing Units. Cashewnut is another major product with many processing units. Power generation centres are Kaiga, Kadra, Supa, Kodasahalli, and Nagajari. Commercial crops are nuts, cotton, and species. Vijayapura and Bagalkote are known for horticulture, especially grapes with many processing units. Pomegranate, lemon, sapota, and mosambi are grown. Haveri is a centre for improvised seed production with many national seed production centres. Guledagudda is known for blouse pieces. Hubballi, Belagavi, Bagalkote, Gadag, and Haveri are emerging industrial centres. Many granite processing units are in Ilkal.
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Art, literature, music, folklore, theatre, and dance: Dharwad is home to many Hindustani singers. Bharat Ratna Pt. Bhimsen Joshi, Pt. Mallikarjun Mansoor, Balekhan, Vidushi Gangubai Hangal, Pt. Venkatesh Kumar, Pt. Basavaraja Rajaguru, Enagi Ballappa, and Appalal Jamakandi are from Dharwad. Medieval poets include Ranna, Nagachandra, Nayanasena, Kumaravyasa, Chamarasa, Basavanna, Kanakadasa, and Shishunala Sharif. Father of Vachana Studies P.G. Halakatti, Bhoosanoormutt, Dinakara Desai, Basavaraj Kattimani, M.M. Kalburgi, and Adya Rangacharya are from here. Jnanapita awardees Da.Ra. Bendre, V.K. Gokak, Girish Karnad, and Chandrashekara Kambara enriched modern literature. Rev. Kittel brought out a Kannada dictionary in four volumes. Folklore singers include Hukkeri Balappa and Nadoja Sukri Bommanagowda. Theatre forms include Shrikrishna Parijata, Badaguthittu Yakshagana, Sannata, and Doddata. Actors include Appalal Jamakandi, Koujalagi Ningamma, and Lokapure Deshpande. Education and health: Dharwad, Belagavi, and Vijayapura are important educational centres. Karnataka University is in Dharwad, started in 1949 C.E. Karnataka Law University is in Hubbali. Rani Chennamma University and Vishweshwaraiah Technical University are in Belagavi. Karnataka State Akkamahadevi Women’s University is in Vijayapura. University of Horticultural sciences is in Bagalkote. Siddeshwara Swamiji was born on September 05, 1940 at Nandhihala in Vijayapura District to parents Ogappa Biradara and Sangavva Biradara. His home town is Bijjaragi. He is known as Kayakayogi and headed Jnana Yogashrama. Literacy rates are better. Medical and Engineering colleges are in Belagavi, Hubballi, Vijayapura, and Bagalkote. Kannada schools were started under Deputy Chennabasappa in the nineteenth century. Christian institutions contributed greatly. Health sector has low population growth, but higher Child and Maternal Mortality Rates. Rural areas have Primary Health Centres and sub health centres. Medical colleges run their own hospitals.
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Cultural heritage: Belagavi Division has rich cultural heritage. Musicians achieved national and international acclaim. Ganayogi Panchakshari Gavai provided shelter to blind children and encouraged music education. Hubballi is called the Commercial Centre of Karnataka. Byadgi is the market for Chilly, Mahalingapura for Jaggery, and Vijayapura for Grapes. Professional theatre has achieved a lot. Historical monuments like Badami, Pattadakallu, and Aihole are symbols of Karnataka’s heritage. Tourism is growing rapidly. Karwar of Uttara Kannada is emerging as an important defence sector with the INS KADAMBA naval base. Dense forests are home to wild animals and birth place of many rivers. Freedom fighters: The struggle started early in Kittur. Mylara Mahadevappa became a martyr. Thousands participated and faced imprisonment. Siddappa Kambali, Aluru Venkatarao, Na.Su. Hardikar, Hardikar Manjappa, Gangadhar Rao Deshpande, Doddamete Andanappa, R.R. Diwakar, Nadoja, and Patil Puttappa participated. Under Lawyer Munavalli, Ramadurga Samsthana Liberation took place where eight people were hanged. R.H. Deshpande gave the sapthakshari mantra Sirigannadam Gelge. P.G. Halakatti was in journalism. Mohare Hanumantharaya and Patil Puttappa motivated people through newspapers.
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Now, let us answer the final exercises. Exercise One fill in the blanks: One, The districts in Belagavi division were integrated into Karnataka in the year 1956 C.E. Two, the queen who fought against the British is Rani Chennamma of Kittur. Three, the new districts of Haveri, Gadag, and Bagalkote were formed in the year 1997 C.E. Four, Badami was the capital of the Chalukya dynasty. Five, the resource found in Ilkal is Granite stone. Six, Byadagi in Belagavi division is famous for its Dried Chilly. Seven, the Horticulture university is in Bagalkote district. Eight, the first women university of Karnataka was started in Vijayapura. Nine, eight people were hanged in the struggle led by Lawyer Munavalli. Ten, the seed production centers are in Haveri district. Exercise Two, answer in one sentence: Eleven, the Indian National Congress convention under Gandhiji took place in 1924 C.E. in Belagavi district. Twelve, two rivers of Belagavi division are Krishna and Malaprabha. Thirteen, the wildlife sanctuaries of Belagavi division are Dandeli wildlife sanctuary and Anshi National Park. Fourteen, evergreen forests are forests found in tropical climate that remain green throughout the year. Fifteen, the water falls of Belagavi division are Gokak Waterfalls, Magodu waterfalls, Devamala waterfalls, and Apsarakonda waterfalls. Sixteen, iron ore is available in Bagalkote district. Seventeen, the natural resource available in Ilkal is Granite stone. Eighteen, the major crops of Belagavi division are paddy, cotton, maize, pulses, wheat, groundnuts, pearl millet, and chilly. Nineteen, four Jnanapeetha awardees from Belagavi division are Da.Ra. Bendre, V.K. Gokak, Girish Karnad, and Chandrashekara Kambara. Twenty, three singers of Belagavi division are Pt. Bhimsen Joshi, Pt. Mallikarjun Mansoor, and Vidushi Gangubai Hangal. Twenty one, two forms of theatre from Belagavi division are Badaguthittu Yakshagana and Doddata. Twenty two, Karnataka Law University is in Hubbali district. Twenty three, three important freedom fighters of Belagavi division are Rani Chennamma, Sangolli Rayanna, and Aluru Venkatarao.
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The final activities for this chapter ask you to make a list of all thirty-one districts of Karnataka, collect district wise maps, make another list of tourist spots in each district, and prepare a report. The second activity asks you to make a list of places relevant to Vachanakaras in different districts, make a list of Vachanakaras, and prepare a report. I highly recommend completing these to strengthen your knowledge of our great state. We have covered the history, geography, culture, and achievements of all four revenue divisions of Karnataka. Remember to revise the names of districts, rivers, dams, freedom fighters, and cultural icons regularly. Understanding our state's heritage helps us become proud and responsible citizens. Keep exploring maps, read more about our local history, and always respect our natural resources. Thank you for listening! Keep revising and practicing. Goodbye! [CHAPTER_COMPLETE]