Welcome dear students! Today we are going to learn about Freedom Movement (1885 C.E - 1947 C.E) from Class 7 Social_Science. In the later part of the 19th Century, as a result of the policies of exploitation of the British, the spirit of nationalism developed among the Indians. The new English educated class of Indians began to understand the true objectives of British rule. Farmers, tribals, and other classes were subjected to a lot of suffering by the British. They were waiting for an opportunity to protest against the British. In this lesson, we will explore the main factors responsible for the awakening of nationalism among Indians, the establishment of the Indian National Congress, the role of moderates and extremists in the national movements, and other important facts. Gandhiji's political and economic philosophy was respected all over the world. The period of his leadership during the freedom movement from 1919 C.E. to 1947 C.E. is called The Gandhian Age. During the freedom struggle, women not only involved themselves actively but also showed that they too had a share in the freedom. In this background, women freedom fighters of Karnataka played a unique role. Gandhiji dedicated himself completely to the removal of untouchability, exploitation, and Hindu-Muslim harmony. Students will learn about the important factors that led to the development of nationalism in the 19th Century. They will understand the policies and ideologies of moderates, extremists, and revolutionaries. They will become aware of how the British ruled India through their Divide and Rule policy. They will appreciate and take pride in the principles of non violence and satyagraha that Gandhiji adopted against the British. They will appreciate Gandhiji's leadership, goals, truthfulness, simplicity, humanitarian attitude, and humility. They will appreciate the qualities of Subhash Chandra Bose and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. They will become aware of the role of women in the freedom struggle and in the development of Karnataka after Independence.
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Our land is a country of diverse cultures. We have a prolonged cultural and historical heritage. This laid an ideological foundation for the growth of nationalism in the later part of the 19th Century. Nationalism is the feeling of We are One in the minds of the people who live in a particular geographical area. In addition, they show respect and feel proud of their region. The First War of Indian Independence in 1857 took place only in certain parts and not in the whole of India. Due to lack of proper organization, the struggle failed. However, it developed an awareness of the importance of being organized in the minds of Indian intellectuals. Thus it developed into a national struggle. Many factors have contributed to the growth of nationalism. They are Western Education and Introduction to Modern Science and Knowledge. The Indians who received English education studied European philosophical works and developed a sense of nationalistic political outlook. The concepts of freedom, equality, and brotherhood that took birth in Europe motivated them to enter politics. They falsified the expectation of the British that the English educated Indians would support them. Second is the Uniform system of administration. The British introduced a uniform system of administration in India. As a result, the Indians who were subjected to the same rules and regulations developed a feeling of We are all equal. In the same manner, they felt troubled by the inhuman policies of the British and opposed them in one voice. These experiences helped Indians to feel the oneness and to develop a sense of nationalism. Third is Economic exploitation. Through their economic policies, the British caused the destruction of Indian trade, agriculture, and industry. They treated land as a commodity. Through his Theory of Drain of Wealth, Dadabhai Naoroji drew the attention of the Indians to the manner in which the British were looting the country. Fourth is Awareness of Tradition. Foreign scholars like Sir William Jones, H. T. Cole Brook, Max Muller, Cunningham, and others introduced the Indians to the Indian historical traditions through their research. This revealed the fact that Indian culture was no less than Greek and Roman cultures. This revelation enabled the sense of nationalism to grow deeper and stronger.
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Fifth is Social and Religious reform movements. Social reformers of the 19th Century like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Eshwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Swami Vivekananda, and others advocated the importance of education for the deprived and exploited communities of India. Swami Dayananda inspired the people with messages of Swarajya and Swadeshi, whereas Swami Vivekananda performed the task of awakening the lethargic society. This gave a new dimension to the growth of nationalism. It made the educated Indians proactive. Sixth is Inspiration of the First War of Indian Independence. This event emphasized upon everyone that it was essential for all Indians to get politically better organized. Moreover, leaders like Mangal Pandey, Laxmibai, Hazrat Mahal, and others became martyrs in this war, inspiring the leaders of the future generations. Seventh is Racial discrimination. British considered themselves superior to Indians, whom they considered uncivilized. The higher posts in the administration were reserved for the British. The opposition of the British in India to the Ilbert Act of 1884 C.E. stands testimony to this statement. In this way, the Indians who were exploited under the same laws felt that they were one. They united in opposing the draconian rules and regulations of the British. The above mentioned factors led to the growth of the feeling that all Indians were one.
The Indian National Congress was the dream child of the retired British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume. It was established in 1885 C.E. at Mumbai. Wyomesh Chandra Banerjee was the first President of the Congress. 72 representatives participated in the first session of the Congress. Most of them were lawyers, journalists, and members of the upper class of society. Truly, the Congress was the first political forum to encourage the national movement. The objectives of the Indian National Congress were to bring together and forge friendship among all the political activists in various parts of the country, to promote national unity, to place the demands of the people in front of the government and to shape public opinion, and to develop nationalism in place of provincialism. The early leaders of the Indian National Congress are called Moderates. The period between 1885 C.E. and 1905 C.E. is known as the Age of Moderates. They believed in the principles of the constitution. Being loyal to the British rule, they followed a path of praying, appealing, and protesting in order to achieve what they wanted. In addition, they attempted to persuade the British to bring about reforms in the political, social, and economic fields. The prominent moderate leaders were Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, Mahadev Govind Ranade, and others. It was due to the struggle of the moderates that the Indians could enter the legislative assemblies. Moreover, it was their attempts which revealed that the British were the reason for India's poverty. With Indians getting trained in political principles and practices, the anti British protest spread throughout the nation.
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The demands of the Moderates included freedom of speech and publication, separation of the judiciary from the executive, reduction of military expenses, implementation of primary, high school, and technical education, cancellation of Ban on Weapons Act, provision of banking, irrigation, medical, and health facilities, complete cancellation of tax on salt, conducting I.C.S. examinations simultaneously both in England and India, providing representation to Indians in Central and Provincial legislative processes, and appointment of Indians to high posts. The moderates did not reach the common people. The extremists contemptuously referred to their ways of getting facilities through prayers and requests as Policy of Mendicancy. The youth were not impressed by the methods of the moderates. A new group emerged within the Congress which questioned the moderates methods of waiting for things to happen. This was the group of the extremists. Lala Lajpat Rai, Balagangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal were the leaders of the extremist group and were popularly known as Lal Bal Pal. The period between 1905 C.E. and 1919 C.E. is known as the Age of Extremist Politics. Causes that led to the growth of Extremists were ignoring Indians in the appointments to high positions, the attempt of Lord Curzon in 1905 C.E. to indulge in communalism by dividing Bengal, the defeat of Russia in 1905 C.E. by a small country, Japan, which gave the message and the confidence that Europeans could be defeated by Asians, and the inspiration given by the revolutionary movements in Ireland, Russia, China, Turkey, Egypt, and other countries. Balagangadhar Tilak was an unparalleled patriot. The intense desire to achieve freedom could be understood in his declaration: Swaraj is my birthright; I shall have it. Tilak introduced the Ganesha and Shivaji festivals in order to bring Indians together. He published the newspapers Maratha in English and Kesari in Marathi to politically encourage the people. Bipin Chandra Pal published New India whereas Aurobindo started the newspaper Vande Mataram. Lala Lajpat Rai was famous as The Lion of Punjab. He declared: We will achieve Swarajya as a right, not as alms. Bipin Chandra Pal organized mass protests in Bengal. Another extremist leader, Aurobindo Ghosh, advocated boycott of foreign goods and use of only swadeshi goods. He started many national schools. Extremists added fervour to the freedom struggle.
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The important event which inspired the national struggle of the extremists was the partition of Bengal in 1905 C.E. The British were worried on observing the feelings of nationalism become intense in Bengal. Hence, to curb the nationalistic fervour, Lord Curzon decided to divide Bengal on the basis of religion, and separate the Hindus and Muslims. Opposing this division, on 16th October 1905 C.E. a National Mourning Day was observed throughout Bengal. Rabindranath Tagore sang Amar Sonar Bangla as the national song. Everyone shouted Vande Mataram. In order to symbolize Bengal unity, Hindus and Muslims exchanged Raakhis. When the protests turned vociferous, the Bengal partition was cancelled in 1911 C.E. The British tried to continuously alienate the Muslims from the national movement through the use of Divide and Rule policy. When the Indian National Congress was formed, in order to protect their own selfish interests, they encouraged the Muslims to form a separate organization. In 1906 C.E. a Muslim committee met the Viceroy of India, Minto. This meeting resulted in the formation of Indian Muslim League in Dhaka in present day Capital of Bangladesh in 1906 C.E. by Sir Agha Khan, along with Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and others. In the backdrop of the controversial partition of Bengal, the extremists held wide spread protests and demanded swadeshi goods. However, the moderates desired to restrict the protest only to Bengal. Besides, they did not want any direct conflict with the British government. The differences of opinion between the moderates and the extremists became more intense and caused a political break up in the Congress. The Congress got divided between the moderates and the extremists in the session held at Surat in 1907 C.E. Later, the Indian national movement progressed mainly under the leadership of extremists until 1919 C.E. After the break up of the Congress in 1907 C.E. the government took severe punitive measures against the extremists. Many among them were sent to prison; some were banished out of the country. Tilak was given blackwater punishment and sent to Mandalay jail in Burma. Consequently, political activities slowed down for a while. During his imprisonment, Tilak wrote Gita Rahasya. In order to alienate the extremists, the British tried to placate the moderates and Muslims by giving greater representation to them in the legislature. Towards this end, they brought about the Minto Morley reforms in 1909 C.E. Through this Act, they provided a Separate Election Constituency for the Muslims. In the meantime, the First World War broke out in 1914 C.E. This development gave new impetus to the national movement. In 1916 C.E. Lokamanya Tilak and Annie Besant started the Home Rule movements.
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In December 1917 C.E. a committee was formed under the chairmanship of Justice Rowlatt. Its purpose was to stop the revolutionary activities in India. Ultimately, the Rowlatt Act was implemented in February 1919 C.E. According to this Act, any person could be arrested by the government just on the basis of suspicion. Any place could be searched without any warning. The arrested person did not even have the right to consult a lawyer. Indians opposed this Act vehemently. Anger raged in everyone heart. Even Gandhiji went on a fast against this Act. As a result of the satyagraha launched by Gandhiji against the Rowlatt Act, many agitations began in various parts of Punjab. On 13th April 1919 C.E. a meeting was arranged at a garden called Jallianwala Bagh near the Golden Temple at Amritsar, Punjab. This meeting was being held in order to protest against the arrest of leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal. The Security Officer at Amritsar, General Dyer, decided to teach the protesting people a lesson, and closed the only exit of the park. He then ordered his men to shower a hail of bullets on the unarmed people gathered there. Taken by surprise, the crowd panicked. According to government reports, only 379 people had been killed. However, the actual figures were much more than what was reported. Even today, the marks of the bullets made on the walls of the park can be seen. This inhuman act has been severely condemned. Some among the extremists wanted to engage in armed revolution. These were called Revolutionary Nationalists. British officers called them terrorists. They desired to get complete freedom for India. Intense patriotism and a readiness to sacrifice oneself for the sake of the country were the basic principles of revolutionary nationalism. Vasudev Balavant Phadke was the first revolutionary to form a secret organization. The Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balakrishna, were the pillars of this organization. Both of them were arrested and hanged. The other noteworthy revolutionaries of our country were Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Khudiram Bose, Chandrashekar Azad, and Bhagat Singh. Khudiram Bose was the first martyr who was hanged in the Indian freedom struggle in 1908 C.E. At that time, his age was just 19 years. The whole country shed tears on seeing the sacrifice of such a young boy. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was a revolutionary. In 1899 C.E. he formed the first secret organization called Mitramela. Later that organization was called Abhinava Bharat. He was sentenced to life time imprisonment by the British government and sent to Andaman jail. The Indian government has erected a memorial in his name at the Andaman jail where he had to endure severe physical torture. Chandrashekar Azad joined Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and took part in many events like the Kakori conspiracy, bomb attack on the legislative assembly, armed attack on British official Sanders at Lahore, and others.
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Let us pause for a quick activity. What is the Kakori Conspiracy? Collect information about the event with the help of your teacher. In order to escape from the British soldiers, Azad fought all alone with the help of a small pistol. When only one bullet remained, he aimed the pistol at his temple and shot himself dead. In this manner, he kept his vow of never allowing himself to be arrested by the British. Many noble martyrs like Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev, Bhagavati Charan Wohra, and Gayaprasad sacrificed themselves so that India would be free from the British. Bhagat Singh joined the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and became its principal secretary. In 1929 C.E. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev threw bombs at the Central legislative assembly at Delhi. All the three were hanged at Lahore Central jail. Bhagat Singh was the first Indian to give the call of Inquilab Zindabad. To sum up, the revolutionaries were successful in bringing about political awareness in the people. The Indian youth were inspired by them. Even the Indians who had settled abroad began indulging in revolutionary activities. Sohan Singh Bhakna started Gaddar Movement at San Francisco in 1913 C.E. The Congress Party which was founded by the moderates gradually became a popular movement. It was influenced by various political developments. Extremists gave it an emotional intensity. The British hated the Congress and tried to break it down. They attempted to bring down the fervour of the national struggle by resorting to narrow, communal, and political manipulation. This caused a temporary hindrance to the freedom struggle but could not stop it entirely. After 1919 C.E. the Congress took a new path under the leadership of Gandhiji. Perhaps no other Indian is as well known to the modern world as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Non violence and peaceful agitation were the weapons of Gandhiji. He transformed the freedom struggle into a people movement. Simplicity, goodness, and truth were the strong points of his success. These were the main principles that inspired all social classes to participate in the freedom movement including women. Gandhiji was born on 2nd October at Porbandar in 1869 to Karamchand Gandhi and Putalibai. His father was the Diwan, or Chief Minister, of Porbandar and Rajkot provinces. His mother was a deeply pious woman. Gandhiji's moral values were inculcated in him mainly by his mother. Mahatma Gandhi is fondly remembered as Bapu. He was a great leader in India's freedom struggle. He dedicated himself to the cause of elimination of untouchability, fight against exploitation, and to bring in Hindu Muslim unity. The period of the political struggle from 1919 to 1947 C.E. led by him is known as Gandhian era. The major books which influenced Gandhiji's life were The Bhagavadgita, John Ruskin's Unto this last, Leo Tolstoy's The kingdom of God Lies within you, and the play Sathya Harishchandra.
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Gandhiji's initial education was completed in Porbandar. He went to England for his higher education. He got his law degree in Britain. He returned to India in 1891 C.E. and started his law practice in Mumbai and Rajkot. In the beginning, his law practice was not very successful. After some time, he went to South Africa as a law consultant on the invitation of a company called Dada Abdullah. There he fought against the injustice to Indians using satyagraha and non violence as his weapons. His experiments in South Africa refined his skills and sensibility. Today Gandhiji's method of opposition is becoming popular as Gandhigiri. Gandhiji was shocked to see Indians leading a life as second class citizens in South Africa. He protested against the practice of apartheid. He achieved considerable success in changing the racial prejudices by using satyagraha and non violent means. The word satyagraha is composed of two Sanskrit words: satya which means truth and agraha which means persuasion. The meaning of the word is Stand firm on the side of truth. Let us do another activity. Collect more information about satyagraha and the non violent agitation carried out by Gandhiji in South Africa. After returning to India in 1915 C.E. Gandhiji established Sabarmati Ashram in 1916 C.E. at Ahmedabad. On the advice of his political guru Gopala Krishna Gokhale, he toured the whole country and understood the pitiable life of the Indians. This was his first social experience. In this manner, Gandhiji began to learn about the actual social structure in India. In the history of Indian freedom struggle, the year 1919 C.E. is seen as a milestone. This was the year of Gandhiji's entry into the political arena. He had realized the truth that the British could not be thrown out of India using might. In principle, he was against use of any physical force. In 1919 C.E. Gandhiji staged a protest against the Rowlatt Act and Jallianwallah Bagh massacre. Besides, he assumed the leadership of the Khilafat movement. Bringing harmony between Hindus and Muslims through this movement was his main objective. What is the Khilafat Movement? The Turkish Empire was under the rule of the Caliph. Many muslims believed that the Caliph was their religious leader. In the First World War, Turkey fought against England and lost. Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, and other states which were part of the Turkish Empire became independent. During 1919 C.E. a leader called Kamal Pasha ascended the throne rejecting the Caliph's right to the throne. The Indian Muslims reacted to this by supporting the Caliph and fighting against Britain. This movement is called Khilafat Movement. Gandhiji accepted the leadership of this movement. Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali, known as the Ali brothers, were the leaders of this movement.
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Under the leadership of Gandhiji, the non cooperation movement started in the year 1920 C.E. He asked the people not only to show non cooperation with the government but also force the British to give us Swaraj. As a fall out of this agitation, courts, educational institutions, assembly elections, and British goods were boycotted. In addition to this, government programmes were boycotted and the awards and titles given by the government were returned. Gandhiji formulated positive activities to take the freedom struggle to its peak. This activity emphasized the need for spinning, weaving, removal of untouchability, and promoting Hindu Muslim unity. During this period, the prominent leaders C. R. Das, Motilal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhash Chandra Bose, and many others joined the freedom movement. Attracted by the non violent and peaceful satyagraha, all sections of the society joined the freedom struggle. This movement had students, peasants, and women. This was a new experience to Indians. Rabindranath Tagore and Gandhiji surrendered their titles of knighthood and Kaiser e Hind respectively to the British. At this juncture, the government started using violent means to suppress the agitation. In Chowri Chowra area of Uttar Pradesh, an irate group indulged in arson and burnt 22 policemen alive in 1922 C.E. Gandhiji viewed this incident seriously and was very unhappy to see people following violent means. He withdrew his non cooperation movement. The major works and papers of Gandhiji include My Experiments with Truth, Hind Swaraj, and Sathyagraha is South Africa. Harijan and Young India were weekly newspapers published by him. Although the non cooperation movement failed to get freedom, it was a special and the first of its demonstration of the people. Due to this, nationalistic feelings spread to every nook and corner of the country. Between 1924 C.E. and 1929 C.E. Gandhiji engaged himself in creative programs like making khadi popular and in striving to improve the lives of Harijans. The national struggle continued under the leadership of other leaders like C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru. Motilal Nehru was Jawaharlal Nehru's father. The British challenged the Indian politicians to frame a constitution which could satisfy all communities. A committee was formed under the Chairmanship of Motilal Nehru, at the Indian All Party Convention. The committee prepared a constitution which astonished the British. The constitution advocated a position under the British which enabled self rule, and also expressed a desire of ultimately attaining complete freedom.
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Due to the suspension of the non cooperation movement, the political struggle temporarily lost its fervour. In 1928 C.E. the British government sent the Simon commission to India to study and report the effects of the implementation of the 1919 C.E. reforms in various provinces of India. The commission had only British representation and no Indian representation. Indians boycotted the Simon Commission by urging Go back, Simon. The public demonstration held at Lahore took a violent turn. In the lathi charge that ensued, Lala Lajpat Rai got injured and succumbed to death in 1928 C.E. People lost their patience with his sacrifice. Lala Lajpat Rai's words about sending the British away from India were: The lathi beats on my body shall in futures be the nails in the coffin of the British. The leaders representing the youth in the Congress, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose, did not approve of the points discussed in the Nehru report of self rule within the framework of British Empire rule. As a consequence, they supported the declaration of Complete Freedom in Congress convention of 1929 C.E. at Lahore. It was decided in the Lahore convention to observe 26th January 1930 C.E. as Purna Swarajya Divas. To keep the memory of the historical celebration evergreen, the constitution of independent India was accepted and adopted on the same day, 26th January 1950. That day is being celebrated every year as Republic Day. Civil Disobedience Movement was started on 12th March 1930 C.E. with the historic Dandi march by Gandhiji. With selected 78 supporters, Gandhiji travelled a distance of 375 kms from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi on foot. Production of salt by people in violation of tax laws was the objective of this march. The civil disobedience movement spread to other parts of the country very fast. People indulged in agitations, boycotted foreign goods, propagated the use of khadi, protested against sale of liquor, and participated in forest satyagraha and boycott of tax. Ankola Salt Sathyagraha gained much importance throughout India. At the same time, in North western India, the Frontier Gandhi, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan established an organization called Khudai Khidmatgar. In Nagaland, the 13-year-old Queen Gaidinliu revolted against the British. Thus, the British came forward to offer certain political concessions to Indians. After the Dandi march, the British organised three Round Table Conferences in London. Gandhiji and the Congress Party participated in the 2nd Round Table Conference. However, these conferences failed to provide any solution for Indian political problems. The British government in 1935 C.E. with a view to enhance equal participation of Indians in the governance of the country, brought into force, the Government of India Act.
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The failure of Cripps Mission enraged the Indians. On 8th August 1942 C.E., Gandhiji convened a meeting of the Congress at Mumbai. There they adopted the resolution Quit India! They called upon the Indians to Do or Die. The very next day, Gandhiji and other leaders were arrested. The news of Gandhiji's arrest triggered nation wide agitations against the British in schools and colleges by students and boycott of factories by workers. There were many attacks on police stations, post offices, and railway stations. Students, workers, and farmers supported the revolt. In Ballia of Uttar Pradesh, Tamluk of Bengal, Satara of Mumbai province, and other parts of India, the revolutionaries established parallel governments. Meanwhile, Isuru village of Shivamogga district in Karnataka declared itself independent. Quit India movement also failed to achieve the immediate political objectives. But the message that Indians were determined to achieve independence was clear. This was a major People's Movement of the Gandhian age. During the 1930s, socialist thinking started inside and outside the Congress. During the 1934 C.E. Congress convention, a distinct socialist group emerged within Congress. Most of the socialists were youth. Within a short span of time, they established the Congress Socialist party. The General Secretary of that organization was Jayaprakash Narayan. Acharya Narendra Dev was another prominent leader of the party. Most important of the socialist leaders in Congress were Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose. Although Nehru identified himself as a socialist, he was ideologically with Gandhiji. The socialists struggled to strengthen the weaker sections of the society by establishing many farmers and labour organizations. Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Aruna Asaf Ali, and other socialist leaders participated in the Quit India Movement and emerged as popular leaders. Jayaprakash Narayan was born in Bihar in 1902 C.E. He had his higher education from various American universities for seven years. While studying in America, he came to know about socialism. After returning to India, guided by Jawaharlal Nehru, he joined the Congress party. He established the Congress Socialist party in 1934 C.E. He was arrested in 1941 C.E. and imprisoned in Hazaribagh prison. The following year he escaped from prison and went undercover. From the place of hiding, he supported the Quit India movement. Subsequently, he travelled across the country in disguise. But he was again arrested in 1944 C.E. and imprisoned in Lahore fort. He was later released. In post independent period, Jayaprakash Narayan identified himself with Acharya Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan Movement. During the 1970s, India was politically, economically, and socially subjected to severe turmoil. The emergency of 1975 C.E. changed the political face of India. Corruption became a serious topic of discussion. Having joined active politics in 1974 C.E. he launched an agitation called Total Revolution. As a result of his movement, Janata Party came to power in 1977 C.E. He was disillusioned when the Janata party split due to internal conflicts. He died in the year 1979 C.E. People called him Lokanayak affectionately.
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Tribals were originally farmers. Since they continuously suffered in the field of agriculture and organized their agitations, their fight is seen as an integral part of farmers agitation. Under the British rule, the farmers suffered very badly. They were exploited by the government, landlords, middlemen, local traders, and officials. Their pitiable condition incited them to revolt against landlords and the government. The first community to courageously fight against the British were the Indian tribals. In most of their fights, British officers were not their only enemies. The people who came from outside and exploited them continuously like the Christian missionaries, local landlords, and rich contractors were all their enemies. Violence followed by bloodshed was the main feature of the Adivasi agitations. The main groups of tribals who revolted were Kola, Santala, Munda, and Naga. The emergence of leadership from their own community was the main feature of the agitation. During the 19th Century, farmers exhibited their rage through agitations and revolts. During the 20th Century, they took the support of political powers and enhanced their strength through national movements. The main farmers agitations were Champaran, Kheda, Bardoli, Bengal's Indigo farmers' agitation, and Mapillai revolts. Let us now learn about three of these agitations. The Champaran farmers in Bihar had a long history of dissatisfaction and protest against the planters. The planters were forcing the farmers to grow Indigo. Gandhiji started Champaran Satyagraha in 1917 C.E. Finally, the farmers problem was solved satisfactorily. Babu Rajendra Prasad emerged as a prominent leader after this movement. Kheda is a prominent district of Gujarat. In 1918 C.E. the farmers were subjected to extreme financial problems due to crop failure. They urged the government to waive off the payment of taxes. But the government not only rejected their demand, but insisted on tax payment. As a result, the farmers struggle started in Kheda. Gandhiji not only supported this agitation but also urged the farmers not to pay any tax. Finally, the government changed its stand and asked those farmers who could, to pay tax. Agreeing to this, Gandhiji withdrew his satyagraha. Through this agitation, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel grew politically as a national leader. Among the farmers agitations, the Mapillai revolt of 1921 C.E. that took place in Malabar is famous. The Muslims of Malabar were called Mapillais or Moplas. Besides agriculture, they were working in tea and coffee plantations as labourers. Many agriculturists were on tenancy. The frequent increase in the lease amount was the main reason for their revolt. They had provided resistance several times in the 19th century itself. The Khilafat movement infused new strength in the mapillais. The local mapillai leaders assumed the leadership of the revolt. They indulged in arson and violence against the landlords and looted their belongings. To contain the violence, the British government ordered army rule in South Malabar. Within a short time, the agitation turned into a communal conflict. However, over a period of time, the fight lost its intensity.
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During the pre Gandhian freedom struggle, along with Rani Chennamma and Keladi Chennamma, stands Rani Abbakkadevi. She belonged to Chowta dynasty that ruled Ullala. Her uncle Thirumalaraya trained her in warfare and brought her to power as the queen of Ullala. Abbakka was married to Lakshmappa Arusu of Bhanga region of Mangaluru. As her marriage did not last for long, she returned to Ullala. She rejected the demands of Portuguese for taxes. They declared war on Rani Abbakkadevi in 1555 C.E. Abbakka won this battle. Again, in 1568 C.E. the viceroy of Portuguese Antonio Noronha entered Ullala. Abbakkadevi escaped from there and attacked the Portuguese with a band of 200 soldiers. General Peixoto died in this attack. Many Portuguese soldiers were taken as prisoners. In another battle, a Portuguese admiral, Mascarenhas was killed. Rani Abbakka demanded the Portuguese to vacate the Mangaluru fort. But the Portuguese continued to attack Ullala as they were attracted by its wealth. In 1570 C.E. Abbakka entered an agreement with Sultan of Vijayapur and Zamorine of Calicut. Kutty Pokar Markar, the general of Zamorine was killed by Portuguese while returning after winning the Mangaluru fort. Finally, with the help of Abbakka's estranged husband, Portuguese defeated Abbakka and imprisoned her. She died in the prison. In memory of Rani Abbakkadevi, Veerarani Abbakkana Utsava is organized every year at Ullala. Veerarani Abbakkadevi award is conferred on woman achievers every year. On January 15, 2003, the postal department brought out a postage stamp envelope which had her picture on it. Ballari Siddamma was born in 1903 C.E. in a traditional family, in today's Haveri district's Dundasi village. Her father was Kottege Basappa. Though he was a businessman by profession, he was interested in freedom struggle. Her father used to bring news papers and periodicals for Siddamma. These made her to develop nationalist thoughts. As she was married to another freedom fighter Murugappa, it became easy for her to participate in the freedom struggle. By 1930s, freedom struggle was at its peak in the old Mysuru state. It was led by Sardar Veeranna Gowda, S. Nijalingappa, and T. Siddalingaiah. Ballari Siddamma participated in the convention of Congress party at Shivapura in 1938 C.E. She courted arrest by hoisting the flag on April 13, 1938 C.E. She was imprisoned for a month. She was the first woman to participate in hoisting the flag in the state of Mysuru. The newspapers of the state highlighted her commitment towards the freedom struggle. She continued her participation in the freedom movement after she was released from the prison. She participated in the Aranya Sathyagraha of Chitradurga in 1939 C.E. She was imprisoned in jail from September 29, 1939 C.E. to September 9, 1940 C.E. for cutting wild date trees in Mayakonda and Anagodu forests of Davangere. She also took part in Quit India movement. When the Mysuru state did not declare its decision to join the Indian union after the declaration of independence, Mysuru Chalo or Aramane Sathyagraha was organized. She took active participation in this. As a result, the Mysuru state joined the Indian union. In 1947 C.E. a new government came into power under the leadership of K. C. Reddy. She became the MLA of Davangere. She established Mathrumandir to protect the health of rural women. The state government honoured her with copper plaque. Ballari Siddamma took part in the freedom struggle and brought laurels to women in general.
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Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was born in a rich family on April 3, 1903 C.E. Her father was Dhareshwara Anantharay and mother was Girijabai. Her father was a higher officer in the colonial government. She was educated in Catholic Convent and St. Mary school. She was married at the age of fourteen and became a widow very early. When her father was transferred to Madras, she continued her education there. She went to London School of Economics and returned to India. She engaged herself reforming the society. She came to know the poet, writer, and theatre personality Harindranath Chattopadhyay. She married him and became Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay is a multi talented person from Karnataka who played an important role in national politics. Influenced by Gandhiji and Sarojini Naidu, she participated in the national non cooperation movement. She walked the streets of Allahabad by holding the flag and raised slogans against the British government. As per the Lahore Congress Convention declaration, Gandhiji decided to launch Dandi Salt march on March 12, 1930 C.E. from Sabarmathi with 78 followers. On reaching Dandi on May 5th, Gandhiji prepared salt on May 6th, thus breaking the law of British. He gave a call to the nation to participate in this salt agitation. Kamaladevi met Gandhiji and sought his permission to participate in the Dandi march. Kamaladevi and Avantibai Gokhale were the first women to participate in the salt agitation and break the law of British. She was arrested when she sold salt telling, “You buy this Gandhi salt and the price is six months imprisonment” and was imprisoned for six months in Yerawada jail. After being released from the prison, she went to Bombay and sold swadeshi clothes. Kamaladevi undertook the responsibility of the women unit of Sevadal at national level and toured the entire nation organizing Sevadal camps. Women Volunteers training facilities were opened at Bombay and Borivili. The British government arrested Kamaladevi and imprisoned her at Arthur Jail for sevadal activities. The Sevadal was also banned. Kamaladevi met Meerabhen in the jail. Later, she was shifted to Vellore jail. There were many divisions within National Congress party. Nehru, Ram Manohar Lohia, Acharya Narendradeva, and others had established Congress Socialist Party within Congress under the influence of Socialistic philosophy. Kamaladevi took the membership of this inner group. She visited Karnataka and delivered public talks on Socialist principles to motivate people. She had to undergo a lot of hardships due to these activities. She was not only a freedom fighter but was also a social reformer, feminist, writer, and a film actor. She was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1955 for her services. She also received Watumull Foundation award in 1962 C.E., Ramon Magsaysay award in 1966 C.E., Shanti Bharat Desikottam award, Central Academy award, and Padma Vibhushan in 1987 C.E. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya is the pride of Karnataka. She died in the year 1988 C.E.
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Yashodharamma was born in Bengaluru on May 28, 1905 C.E. Her father was Ramaiah and mother Revamma. Her father was a social reform oriented person. After finishing her primary studies at Bengaluru, she finished intermediate in Madras at Queen Mary college. On returning from Madras, she was married to Dasappa, the third son of Rao Saheb Chennaiah, in 1926 C.E. Both Yashodharamma and Dasappa were social workers. On being influenced by Gandhiji, they became the members of Indian National Congress. The couple stayed at Wardha Seva Grama for few years and returned. They participated in the freedom struggle of Mysuru princely state. They witnessed the inclusion of Mysuru state into Indian federation. Even though her husband H. C. Dasappa contested elections for Mysuru state assembly and won under the Praja Samyuktha Party, Yashodharamma remained in congress. She participated in the Shivapura Flag Sathyagraha in 1938 C.E. In 1942 C.E. Yashodharamma's house was the base of underground activities for Quit India Movement. She published articles on the movement in Jwale newspaper that was printed secretly. Yashodharamma was instrumental in organizing an agitation demanding the establishment of people's government in Mysuru State in 1947 C.E. Picketing and protest marches were held in front of Mysuru Palace. On seeing the intensity of the agitations, the Maharaja of Mysuru handed over the governance to people. She became the Member of Legislative Assembly in the independent Mysuru State. She also became the Member of Parliament. She also served as the Minister of Social Welfare in the cabinet of S. Nijalingappa. This multi faceted Yashodharamma Dasappa died in 1980 C.E. due to cancer. Umabai Kundapur was born in 1892 C.E. in Kundapur of Udupi district. Her father was Golikere Krishnaraya and mother Tungabai. She married Sanjeev Rao who was active in the freedom movement at the age of thirteen. With the support of her husband, she participated in the freedom struggle after 1921 C.E. She wore Khadi and undertook the work of spreading the message of Indian National Congress. Unfortunately, she lost her husband in 1923 C.E. and settled down in Hubbali. She was influenced by the nationalist ideologies of Tilak, Gandhiji, and Hardekar. She wrote a drama in Marathi Swadeshi Vrath to carry the message of Swadeshi and its importance. She took over the responsibility of Saraswat Sahityik Samaj, Bhagini Mandal, and Tilak School of Bombay. These institutions sensitized people about the need for Swadeshi clothes like Khadi and nationalist education. Apart from taking part in freedom struggle led by Tilak, she also participated in the movements led by Gandhiji. She assumed the leadership of women unit of Sevadal, which was started by N. S. Hardekar in 1923 C.E. She played a pivotal role in National convention of Congress at Belagavi of 1924 C.E. She participated in the Salt agitation. She was imprisoned for four months at Yeravada and Hindalga jails for this. After being released from the jail, she participated in agitations that took place in Ankola, Sirsi, Siddapur, and other places and underwent imprisonment for these participations. Umabai Kundapur became the guardian for many destitute women. Though she could not participate in Quit India movement due to health reasons, she provided shelter to many who were participating in the movement. As per Gandhiji's suggestion she undertook the responsibility of Kasturba Foundation and continued her social work. Umabai Kundapur, who had dedicated herself to the cause of the nation, died in the year 1992 C.E.
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TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE As a result of the pressure from nationalists and the situation resulting from the Second World War, the British prepared themselves to find a suitable solution to India's problem. At this juncture, the economic position of Britain was bad and the army had taken a severe beating during the World War. The Labour party which came to power in England in 1945 C.E. after the world war, wanted to sign a political treaty with India. In this final phase, the most important decisions pertaining to India's future were taken by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Vallabhbhai Patel. To find out the ways to hand over power to India, the British government sent a Cabinet delegation in 1946 C.E. But Jinnah led Muslim League insisted on a separate nation for Muslims. Thus division of India became inevitable. On 3rd June 1947 C.E. the 34th and last Governor General and Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, declared that power would be handed over to Indians after the division of India. On the 14th August 1947 C.E. Pakistan was separated from India. India became independent on 15th August 1947 C.E. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India. The British who came to India initially to trade, weakened India politically and economically by ruling it for almost two centuries. As a result of the struggle by Indians, ultimately the imperialists had to leave the country. 15th August became a memorable day for Indians because it put an end to a long freedom struggle. This day is etched permanently in the minds of millions of Indians. Mohammed Ali Jinnah played a decisive role in the political developments of pre independent India. He was a lawyer by profession and a liberal nationalist leader. Initially, he did not identify himself with the Muslim League and was ideologically, its opponent. He was considered to be a representative of Hindu Muslim integration. In 1913 C.E. he joined the Muslim League as a member and gradually turned into a leader of the Indian Muslim community. In 1929 C.E. Jinnah put forth a charter of 14 demands in response to Nehru's report. This is called the Delhi Declaration. These demands added fuel to communalism. These 14 demands finally got merged in the Charter of demands prepared by Jinnah in 1928 C.E. This 14 demand document became the ideological guide for communal politics of the Muslim League. After 1936 C.E. Jinnah became the proponent of the two-nation theory. This proposal of the Muslim League in 1940 C.E. was accepted and adopted in the Lahore convention. The political developments following this convention led to the division of India and the creation of Pakistan. Chaudhary Rahamat Ali and three of his friends proposed the creation of separate Muslim state in a letter written during 1933 C.E. The first letters of Punjab, Afghan, Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan areas were used to create the word Pakistan. The last three letters of the word P-A-KI-Stan indicate Baluchistan province.
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The role of Subhash Chandra Bose is very significant in the freedom struggle. He was the most intelligent student of Calcutta University. He got 4th rank in the I.C.S. examinations in London. He was attracted by the personality of Deshabandhu Chittaranjan Das and entered politics. He was especially inspired by the life and writings of Swami Vivekananda. Subhash had great respect for Gandhiji, but he was critical about the political stand of Gandhiji. Ultimately, due to the severe differences of opinion with Gandhiji, he resigned from the post of President of Congress and came out of the Congress in the year 1939 C.E. Subsequently, he established a party called Forward Bloc. The World War II from 1939 to 1945 C.E. was in progress at this time. The British observed the revolutionary ideology of Bose and considering him to be dangerous, kept him under house arrest. However, Bose cleverly escaped from custody and took up the dangerous journey of going to Moscow through Peshawar and Kabul in Afghanistan. From there, he went to Germany Berlin by plane. He reached an agreement with the German dictator, Hitler. Throwing the British out of India was his sole objective. At that point of time, the British were engaged in war with Germany. At this time, Japan entered the World War II and fought against Britain. On the British side, there were about 40,000 Indian soldiers who became war prisoners of Japan. They were organized under the leadership of Mohan Singh as Indian National army or Azad Hind Fauj. In spite of ideological differences with the Congress, Gandhiji, and Nehru, he named his army squads as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawahar lal Nehru, and Moulana Azad. This fact reveals Subhash Chandra Bose's character and holds a mirror to the standard of Indian freedom struggle. In the year 1943 C.E. Bose came to Singapore and took up the leadership of INA. Subhash was called Netaji. Soon Netaji established a Temporary government of Independent India in Singapore. Germany, Japan, and Italy accorded recognition to that government. With the slogan Chalo Delhi, the INA, under the leadership of Bose advanced from the border of Burma into India, present day Manipur, for about 150 miles. There they hoisted the Indian tricolour on Indian soil. Shortly, the British captured Burma's capital Rangoon and this was a setback for the INA. Soldiers of INA were disarmed and treated as criminals. After the surrender of Japan in 1945 C.E. Netaji is said to have died in a plane accident while travelling to Tokyo. In fact, INA failed to achieve its immediate purpose. But it played a significant role in the history of the Indian freedom struggle. Netaji's bold call to the country was: Give me blood, I will give you freedom! INA stands as a testimony to Netaji's excellent organizing capabilities. His journey from Kolkata to Moscow and from Germany to Japan in those critical days have been the most adventurous ones, in the history of India. Freeing India from the British with the help of their enemies was his objective. He left a legacy of courage, adventurous attitude, and unparalleled patriotic tradition. Though INA could not succeed in its mission, it has left a benchmark in the history of India's freedom movement. Subash Chandra Bose's fights have given him a permanent place in the history of India.
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Dr. B. R. Ambedkar from 1891 to 1956 C.E. was a great leader who fought for the welfare of dalits and other deprived sections of the society. He was born on 14th April, 1891 C.E. in village Mhow in Indore district, Madhya Pradesh to Ramji Maloji Sakpal and Bhima Bai Sakpal. He was an extremely talented person and through his constant hard work and studies, he developed a strong personality. He obtained a Ph.D. degree and L.L.D. degree from the prestigious London School of Economics, Columbia University, America. He obtained Bar at law too. These degrees reflect his lofty intellectual capabilities. Bringing about social change within the constitutional framework was his goal and sincere hard work was his special quality. He believed that it was only through the constitution, that social justice could prevail. He was of the opinion that the Dalits and the oppressed would find emancipation only when they would get political representation. For this reason, he staged many protests against untouchability. Some of the successful agitations included the Mahad Satyagraha and the Kalaram temple entry in Nasik. Thus, he gave a sense of self esteem and created awareness among dalits. Through his publications Mooka Nayak and Bahishkrith Bharath, he became the voice of the dalits, the oppressed, and the untouchables. He also established the Bahishkrita Hitakarini Sabha. Subsequently, he fulfilled the responsibility of creating a draft of the Indian Constitution as the President of the Draft Committee. He was called the Architect of the Indian Constitution. Ambedkar was the representative of a slightly different type of Indian nationalism. If political freedom was the priority for Gandhiji, social freedom was the priority for Ambedkar. He argued that the socially oppressed should come up politically, in a democratic system. Thus, he was a representative of the millions of voiceless Indians. Since he himself belonged to the untouchable class, he had suffered all kinds of insults and social humiliations. He firmly believed that only when dalits and the oppressed got political representation, their liberation would be a reality. Let us do an activity. Make a list of the books written by B. R. Ambedkar and collect information about the Hindu Code Bill framed by him. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar efficiently represented the deprived classes in all the three Round Table Conferences held at London. The Communal Award declared by the British in 1932 C.E. secured separate electoral constituencies for the dalits. Gandhiji who did not approve of this decision, went on a fast unto death at Yerawada jail in Pune. Finally, the difference of opinion got settled with the signing of the Poona Pact in 1932 C.E. between Gandhiji and Ambedkar. Ambedkar was the first Law Minister of independent India. He died on 6th December 1956 C.E. Only a few months before his death, he had got converted to Buddhism. In 1990 C.E. he was given the Bharat Ratna award, posthumously.
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Now let us look at the map of the Partition of India 1947 C.E. This map illustrates the division of the Indian subcontinent into two independent nations, India and Pakistan, following the end of British rule. It shows the newly formed boundaries separating West Pakistan, East Pakistan, and the Indian territories. The map highlights the geographical separation that resulted from the political decisions of 1947. Next, let us review the important dates table from the textbook. The Establishment of Indian National Congress happened in 1885. The Era of Moderates lasted from 1885 to 1905. The Era of Extremists lasted from 1905 to 1919. The Division of Bengal occurred in 1905. The Establishment of Muslim League happened in 1906. The Surat Split took place in 1907. The Jallianwallah Bagh massacre occurred in 1919. Gandhiji's date of birth is 2nd October, 1869. The Non cooperation movement lasted from 1920 to 1922. The Chowri Chowra tragedy happened in 1922. The Declaration of complete freedom was in 1929. Complete Swarajya Day was observed on 26th January, 1930. The Salt agitation began on 12th March, 1930. The Second World War lasted from 1939 to 1945. The Quit India movement started in 1942. The Declaration of Transfer of Power to India was on 3rd June, 1947. The Formation of Independent Pakistan was on 14th August, 1947. The Formation of Independent India was on 15th August, 1947.
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Now, dear students, let us carefully go through the exercises and answer them together. Exercise One asks you to fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Question one: In 1938, Yashodamma participated in Shivapura Flag Sathyagraha. Question two: The writer of the play Swadeshi Vrata was Umabai Kundapur. Question three: Gandhiji's political guru was Gopala Krishna Gokhale. Question four: Chowri Chowra incident took place in the year 1922. Question five: The declaration of Complete Freedom was adopted in the year 1929. Question six: The first Prime Minister of free India was Jawaharlal Nehru. Question seven: Indian National Congress was started by Allan Octavian Hume. Question eight: Home rule movement was started by Lokamanya Tilak and Annie Besant. Question nine: The leader of the Indian National Army was Subhash Chandra Bose. Question ten: The Chairman of the Constitution Framing Committee was Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
Exercise Two asks you to answer in one word or sentence each. Question eleven: Who said these words: Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it? Balagangadhar Tilak said these words. Question twelve: Name any one secret revolutionary organization. Mitramela, which was later called Abhinava Bharat, was a secret revolutionary organization. Question thirteen: Who started the Forward Bloc? Subhash Chandra Bose started the Forward Bloc. Question fourteen: Who gave the call Give me blood, I will give you freedom? Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose gave this call. Question fifteen: Who was the chairman of the drafting committee of the constitution? Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was the chairman of the drafting committee. Question sixteen: Who was popular as the Iron Man of India? Vallabhbhai Patel was popular as the Iron Man of India.
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Exercise Three asks you to answer in two or three sentences each. Question seventeen: Describe Abbakkadevi's fight against the Portuguese in her attempt to protect Ullala. They declared war on Rani Abbakkadevi in 1555 C.E. and she won this battle. In 1568 C.E., viceroy Antonio Noronha attacked Ullala, but she escaped and counterattacked with 200 soldiers, killing General Peixoto and Admiral Mascarenhas. She demanded they vacate the Mangaluru fort, but was eventually defeated with the help of her estranged husband, imprisoned, and died in prison. Question eighteen: Multi-talented Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay is Karnataka's pride. Justify. Kamaladevi participated in the Dandi march, organized Sevadal camps, promoted socialist principles, and was a social reformer, feminist, writer, and film actor. She received prestigious awards like Padma Bhushan, Ramon Magsaysay, and Padma Vibhushan, making her a true pride of Karnataka. Question nineteen: List out the contributions of Umabai Kundapur to freedom struggle. Umabai Kundapur wrote the Marathi drama Swadeshi Vrath to spread Swadeshi ideology, led the women unit of Sevadal, played a pivotal role in the 1924 Belagavi Congress, participated in the Salt agitation and was imprisoned, and later sheltered Quit India movement activists and managed the Kasturba Foundation. Question twenty: Write any two objectives of the Indian National Congress. Two objectives were to bring together and forge friendship among all political activists across the country, and to promote national unity while developing nationalism in place of provincialism. Question twenty one: Who were the national leaders popularly known as Lal, Bal, and Pal? They were Lala Lajpat Rai, Balagangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal. Question twenty two: When did the Jallianwala Bagh massacre take place? Who was the British police official responsible for it? It took place on 13th April 1919 C.E. The British official responsible was General Dyer. Question twenty three: What is the significance of Gandhiji's Dandi march? The objective of the march was to produce salt in violation of British tax laws. It successfully sparked the civil disobedience movement which spread rapidly to other parts of the country. Question twenty four: Write about the Quit India movement. Launched on 8th August 1942 C.E. after the failure of the Cripps Mission, it demanded the British to Quit India with the slogan Do or Die. Leaders were arrested immediately, triggering nationwide strikes, student protests, and parallel governments in places like Ballia, Tamluk, and Satara, proving India's determination for independence. Question twenty five: Name the important tribal and farmers movements. The important movements were Champaran, Kheda, Bardoli, Bengal's Indigo farmers' agitation, and Mapillai revolts.
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Exercise Four asks you to write short notes. Question twenty six: The factors responsible for the rise of Indian Nationalism. The factors include Western education introducing European ideals of freedom and equality, a uniform British administration creating a sense of shared experience, economic exploitation highlighted by Dadabhai Naoroji's Drain of Wealth theory, awareness of Indian traditions through foreign scholars, social and religious reform movements led by figures like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Swami Vivekananda, inspiration from the 1857 First War of Independence, and racial discrimination under British rule which united Indians in opposition. Question twenty seven: Rowlatt Act. Implemented in February 1919 C.E. under Justice Rowlatt committee, this act allowed arrest without warrant, search without warning, and denied the right to legal counsel. It was meant to suppress revolutionary activities but sparked massive nationwide protests and led to Gandhiji's satyagraha. Question twenty eight: Subhash Chandra Bose. A brilliant student and I.C.S. rank holder, Bose disagreed with Gandhiji's non violent methods, resigned from Congress presidency in 1939, formed the Forward Bloc, escaped house arrest, traveled to Germany and Japan, and led the Indian National Army to fight for independence with the slogan Give me blood, I will give you freedom. Question twenty nine: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. Born in 1891, he earned multiple doctorates, fought against untouchability through movements like Mahad Satyagraha, represented depressed classes at Round Table Conferences, signed the Poona Pact with Gandhiji, served as Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, became India's first Law Minister, and was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna.
Finally, let us briefly review the activities suggested in your textbook. First, read the life histories of Dadabhai Naoroji and Balagangadhar Tilak. Second, collect pictures of and information about the revolutionaries, and prepare an album. Third, read the life histories of Vasudev Balavant Phadke, Khudiram Bose, Chandrashekar Azad, Bhagat Singh, and Madame Cama, write an article about them, and put it on the notice board. Fourth, collect more information about Dandi March and Quit India Movement. Fifth, make a list of the names of Presidents and Vice Presidents of India. Sixth, read about the women who played a major role in the freedom struggle. Seventh, arrange a speech competition on the topic Role of women in the post Independent development of Karnataka. I encourage you to complete these activities to deepen your understanding.
Thank you for listening! Keep revising and practicing. Goodbye! [CHAPTER_COMPLETE]