Welcome dear students! Today we are going to learn about Mysore AND OTHER from Class 7 Social_Science. The lesson introduces the Royal family of the Wodeyars of Mysore and mentions the pro-people reforms of the well-known ruler Chikkadevaraja. The Lesson also describes the interim rule of Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan, Mysore wars and their achievements. Within a few decades after the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, Karnataka came under three different administrations, namely, Vijayapura, Keladi and Mysore. When the Vijayapura rule ended, the Mughals and the Marathas occupied the political space in most parts of Karnataka. In spite of these difficult conditions, Keladi and Mysore Kingdoms retained their independence and continued to follow the traditions of Vijayanagara. Apart from this, many Paleya pattu’s like Chitradurga, Yelahanka, Surapura, Kodagu, Kittur, and Tulunadu were raised. The lesson takes up the achievements of the Nayakas of Keladi and Chitradurga and the Nadaprabhu’s of Yelahanka. Understanding the history of smaller regions is as important as knowing the rich history of the kingdoms and empires of Karnataka because regional history is not only having essence but also helps us to understand the comprehensive view of Karnataka history. Keeping this in mind, the Lesson takes up regional history of Kodagu, Kittur, Tulunadu and Hyderabad-Karnataka. [CHECKPOINT]
Now let us look at the competencies for this lesson. You will learn to appreciate the pro-people reforms of Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar. You will understand the causes and results of Mysore wars fought by Hyder and Tippu against the British. You will understand the achievements of Hyder and Tippu Sultan. You will mark on the map the historical places associated with the kingdom of Mysore. You will understand the achievements of the Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka and Shivappa Nayaka. You will appreciate the valour of Rani Chennammaji. You will admire the religious tolerance of the Keladi Nayakas. You will appreciate the valour and achievements of Madakari Nayaka V of Chitradurga. You will understand the achievements of the Yelahanka Nadaprabhus, Kempegowda I and Kempegowda II. You will understand the landmarks in the history of Kodagu. You will appreciate the bold fight of Rani Chennamma of Kittur and her follower Sangolli Rayanna against the British. You will understand the history, culture and contributions of Tulunadu. You will understand the struggles against the British rulers, the Nizam and the local Zamindars in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region. [CHECKPOINT]
Let us begin with section seven point one, the Wodeyars of Mysore. The city of Mysore adjoins the Chamundi hill. On the hill is the temple of Chamundeshwari-devi, the family deity of the Wodeyars. The Wodeyars continued the traditions of the Vijayanagara and made immense contributions to society and culture. Ruling for a long period of time, they earned love and respect of the people. The capital of the Wodeyars was Mysore. Their royal emblem was Ganda-Bherunda. The Navaratri festival, also known as Dasara, of Mysore is celebrated with great pomp and splendour. The Mysore palace is one of the marvellous palaces of India. The Mysore palace was newly built in 1912. The earlier wooden palace had been burnt down by fire. For building the new palace artisans were drawn from India and abroad. The royal court, known as Darbar Hall, was decorated with paintings by Raja Ravi Varma. Looking at the pictures in your textbook, you can see the Mysore Palace prior to 1894, the Mysore Palace built in 1912, the present day Mysore Palace, and the Royal Throne. [CHECKPOINT]
Among the early Wodeyars, Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar was a notable ruler. A valiant ruler, he expanded the kingdom. The pro-people achievements of Chikkadevaraja were many. He set up a Central Administrative Office in the capital which had eighteen departments. It was the Athara Kacheri. He regulated weights and measures so that the people were not cheated. He took steps to put down corruption in the administration. Chikkadevaraja took Bengaluru on lease from the Mughals by paying a sum of three lakh varahas. Near Srirangapattana, he built a dam across the river Kaveri in the west and provided water for agriculture. By reducing expenditure on administration, he accumulated enormous wealth and rightly assumed the title Navakoti Narayana. A postal system was established by him to deliver government letters. The kingdom of Mysore under Chikkadevaraja enjoyed great prosperity and he emerged as a notable ruler of south India. Singararya, who was in the court of Chikkadevaraja, wrote Mitravinda-govinda, the first Kannada drama. Sanchi Honnamma wrote Hadibadeya Dharma. Since she was serving the king as sanchi-bearer, she came to be called Sanchi Honnamma. After the death of Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar, weak kings ruled. Hence the administration was carried out by officials called Dalavays in the name of the king. [CHECKPOINT]
Next, we learn about Hyder Ali. Hyder Ali was an able military commander under the Dalavayi Nanjarajayya. He was brave and adventurous. He gradually increased his military strength and financial strength by winning wars. He soon got an opportunity to defeat the Marathas at Bangalore and was highly honoured by the king. He saved the Mysore kingdom which was facing political crisis. When the soldiers revolted in the capital, Hyder retired Dalavayi Nanjarajayya and took over the kingdom. Thus he emerged as the most powerful person in the Mysore Court. He called himself the Karyakarta of the kingdom, and set the king Krishnaraja Wodeyar II aside. Soon after assuming power Hyder started expanding his kingdom. He defeated Keladi rulers. After acquiring a vast booty he thereby increased his financial power. The British, who had come as merchants to India, gradually settled as a political power. The British could not tolerate Hyder's territorial expansion in south India. Therefore conflict between the two became inevitable. The four wars that Hyder and his son Tippu Sultan fought against the British are known as Mysore wars or Anglo-Mysore wars. [CHECKPOINT]
In the First Mysore war the British incurred huge losses. The victory enhanced Hyder's prestige, inevitably the British came forward with the treaty of Madras. The main gist of the treaty of Madras was both the states should come to the aid of each other if any enemy state attacked Hyder Ali or the British. This treaty enhanced the prestige of Hyder Ali. A few years later Marathas invaded Mysore. As per the Madras Agreement the British did not rush to Hyder Ali's help and kept neutral. Enraged by this, Hyder dragged the British for a war. This was the Second Anglo Mysore war. Hyder died of illness during the war, and his son Tippu Sultan continued it. The achievements of Hyder Ali are remarkable. Though Hyder was illiterate he knew several languages including Kannada very well. He double folded the territories of Mysore state. A valiant warrior and an efficient administrator, Hyder has earned an important place in the history of Karnataka. Beautiful Lalbagh garden in Bengaluru was started by him. [CHECKPOINT]
Now let us move to Tippu Sultan, who ruled from 1782 to 1799 C.E. Tippu Sultan was Hyder Ali's son. Tippu Sultan was a brave young man who participated in the wars of his father's time and won victories. He declared himself as Sultan. After the death of his father, Tippu continued the second Anglo Mysore war which was still going on. No one came to his help. Tippu faced the British single handed. Finally the British signed the Mangaluru peace treaty. This treaty satisfied both the parties. They restored each others territories seized during the war and released the prisoners of war on both sides. This enhanced Tippu’s dignity. Within a short span of time the British and Tippu fought two more wars. Mutual hatred and distrust between the two was the main cause of these wars. During the course of the Third Anglo Mysore war, the British besieged the capital Srirangapattana. Rendered helpless, he signed a peace treaty with the British and surrendered half of his kingdom to the British. He also agreed to pay a huge amount of indemnity. Besides, he surrendered his two sons as hostages to the British. As a result of the war, Tippu suffered much humiliation. Hence he resolved to drive away the British from India. This marked the beginning of the Fourth Anglo Mysore War. The British forces besieged Srirangapattana. Tippu fought bravely and died in the war. [CHECKPOINT]
Later in some folk narratives Tippu is described by the people as Tiger of Mysore. The nature of Tippu's invasion on Kodagu is also criticized by the historians. After the death of Tippu Sultan, Mysuru came under the rule of British. They restored the administration to Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. But, Mysuru became the Subordinate state of the British. Let us look at the personality and achievements of Tippu. Tippu was well aware of the latest achievements in science. He had a very good library. He built a palace at Bengaluru and summer palace in Srirangapattana, known as Dariya Doulath. The walls, pillars and the roof of the summer palace are painted with paintings depicting historical incidents. Tippu put a lot of efforts to enrich his kingdom. His main achievement was popularizing sericulture widely in the state. He modernized his army with the help of French officers. Cannons were being fired in Srirangapattana. Mastering the technique of launching rockets was his uniqueness. Tippu sanctioned grants to many Hindu temples and he gave donations to Shringeri Math. He reformed land tenure and helped farmers by giving loans which could be repaid in easy installments. The tomb of Hyder Ali and the Jumma Masjid were great constructions of Tippu. The high Minarets of the Masjid are known for their beauty. He established mints at Srirangapattana and Bengaluru. [CHECKPOINT]
The period of wars ended with the death of Tippu Sultan. The British took over the Mysuru state and divided into four parts among Marathas, Nizam and themselves. The remaining one part was given to Mysuru Wodeyars. Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was brought to power. Since Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was only a five year old boy, the administration was handed over to Poornaiah and appointed him as the Diwan. As they felt that Krishnaraja Wodeyar III did not properly suppress the revolt of Bidanuru of Shivamogga, they dethroned the King. The commissioners rule was implemented in Mysuru state. This brings us to the Administration of Commissioners from 1831 to 1881 C.E. Mark Cubbon served from 1834 to 1861 C.E. Mark Cubbon implemented many administrative reforms in the state. He transferred the capital from Mysuru to Bengaluru. Mysuru was divided into many administrative units and kept them under superintendent’s supervision. Administration units were divided into Districts and Talukas. Judiciary and police departments were organized well. Kannada was implemented as the official language. New roads were built and as a result all the major places of the state could get connected directly to Bengaluru. Bridges were built and telegraph lines were laid. The construction of railway line between Bengaluru and Jolarpet started in the year 1859. This was the first railway line in the state. He resigned from the commissioner post in 1861. The Cubbon park in Bengaluru is named after him. [CHECKPOINT]
Next came Louis Bentham Bowring from 1862 to 1870 C.E. Louis Bentham Bowring took charge as the Chief Commissioner in 1862. He reorganized the administration structure of Mysuru state. The city of Nandidurga and Ashtagramas were the administrative units. These units were supervised by the Commissioners. The Land Revenue collection was reformed. Judiciary and Police department were established systematically. Educational reforms were introduced with the establishment of department of Public Instruction. Bowring resigned from the Commissioner's post in 1870. The Commissioners laid the strong foundation for the development of Mysuru state. In 1881, the British handed over the administration of the state again to Chamaraja Wodeyar X. This is called Rendition, or Punardana. C. Rangacharlu and K. Sheshadri Iyer ruled as Diwans under him. The people Representative Assembly was started in 1881 during the reign of Chamaraja Wodeyar X. [CHECKPOINT]
Let us learn about Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, who ruled from 1902 to 1940 C.E. Chamaraja Wodeyar X died of illness while on his visit to Calcutta. His successor was Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar as he was only eleven year old when he ascended the throne in 1895. Hence the administration was run by his mother Kempa Nanjammanni. The direct rule of Naalvadi started from 1902. He was well educated and made the Mysore state a model state during his long reign. He was visionary and had a soft corner for the welfare of the downtrodden. He formed Miller Commission in order to ensure the participation of all sections of the society in the administration. His achievements are many. He gave 371 acres of land and more than five lakhs of rupees grants to J.N. Tata to start a science institution in Bengaluru. In 1907, Nyaya Vidhayaka Sabha, also known as Mysore legislative assembly, was established by him. This enabled people to discuss their problem through their representatives. The present Mysuru Palace was completed in 1910. He built Krishna Raja Sagara, or K.R.S, dam and developed Agriculture in state. The Mysuru Economic Conference was started by him in 1911. He passed the order that backward classes should get special representation in Government Service. He gave voting power to women for the first time. Thus Naalvadi stood as a guide and driving force for progress in the fields of education, industry, banking and others. In order to give shape to his visionary ideas, He appointed proficient Diwans who had helped him in the development of the state. Among them, Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah and Sir Mirza Ismail are prominent. Mahatma Gandhiji called the Mysuru state of Naalvadi as the Ramarajya and called him Rajyashri. There was no mature ruler like Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar in the early part of twentieth century. During the construction of Krishna Raja Sagar, or K.R.S, dam Naalvadi Krishnaraja faced financial problem. Then the Gold ornaments of the royal family was sold in the Chiniwara town of Bombay, with that money he completed the construction work of the dam. [CHECKPOINT]
Now we will study about Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah, who served from 1912 to 1918 C.E. Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah is considered as the architect and maker of Modern Mysuru. He was a talented engineer who worked as the Chief Engineer of Mysuru from 1909 to 1912 C.E. Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar appointed him as the Diwan of Mysuru in 1912. According to the vision of Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, Mysore saw all round development during his time. Industrialization or Destruction was the famous declaration of Sir M Vishveshwaraiah. He started Iron and steel factory at Bhadravathi, Sandal oil factory at Mysuru. In Bengaluru he started soap factory, Central Industrial workshop, Leather processing and metal factories. In order to provide impetus to trade and commerce, Mysuru Chambers of Commerce and Industries was started at Bengaluru. Mysuru Bank was established in the year 1913 to develop trade and commerce. Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah believed that education is the key to progress of a country. He made primary education compulsory and gave importance to technical education. He established an agricultural school at Hebbal in Bangalore. Mysuru university established in 1916 is his greatest achievement in the field of Education. In the year 1915 Kannada Sahitya Parishad was established in Bangalore. The construction of Krishnaraja Sagara dam continued during the time of Visveswaraiah and got completed in the year 1932. The railway lines between Mysuru and Arasikere, and Bowringpete and Kolar were laid. It was Sir M. Visveshwariah who successfully implemented many of the visionary programmes of Naalvadi Krishna Raja Wodeyar. Finally, he resigned from the post of Diwan in the year 1918. The British Government awarded him with the title Sir, or knighthood, in recognition for his services. In 1955 the Government of India honoured him with the Bharatha Ratna award. It is a matter of pride that Visveshwaraiah was the first Kannadiga to receive this award. [CHECKPOINT]
Next is Sir Mirza Ismail, who served from 1926 to 1941 C.E. Sir Mirza Ismail is also considered as one of the architect of modern Mysuru. He also established various industries as per the wish of Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar. Hindustan Aeronautics limited, Glass factory, Porcelain ware factory was started by him in Bengaluru. Fertilizer factory at Belagola. Sugar factory at Mandya, Matchstick factory at Shivamogga and steel and paper factory at Bhadravathi. An airport was established at Jakkur. Radio stations, known as Akash vani, were started in Bengaluru and Mysuru. He encouraged rural industries. A Khadi production centre was established at Badanavalu. Irrigation facility was given to Mandya district by constructing Irwin Canal. He made Mysuru the city of flower gardens and parks. The Brindavan Garden was built at the back of the Krishnaraja Sagara dam. National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, known as NIMHANS, in Bengaluru, Narasimharaja Hospital in Kolar, McGann Hospital in Shivamogga, Vanivilasa Hospital in Mysuru were started during his time. For the promotion of education, the Primary Education Act was implemented and grants were given to the private schools. Kannada Medium education was offered in high schools. Thus Mirza Ismail played an important role in developing Mysore. Mirza Ismail who was a classmate of Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar was successful in implementing Naalvadi Krishna Raja Wodeyar’s visionary plans. After the death of Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, Jayachamaraja Wodeyar came to power. He was the last ruler of the Mysuru state. Palace Satyagraha was started under the leadership of K.C. Reddy demanding the accession of Mysore state to India Union soon after achievement of India's Independence. As a result, Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar accepted the demand to become part of India. Meanwhile a responsible government came into existence under the leadership of K.C. Reddy on October 24th, 1947. Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar became the first Governor of Mysuru State. K.C. Reddy served as the first Chief Minister of Mysore State. [CHECKPOINT]
Let us review the chronology provided in this section. Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar ruled from 1673 to 1704. Hyder Ali ruled from 1761 to 1782. Tippu Sultan ruled from 1782 to 1799. First Anglo Mysuru War was from 1767 to 1769. Second Anglo Mysuru War was from 1780 to 1784. Third Anglo Mysuru War was from 1790 to 1792. Fourth Anglo Mysuru War was in 1799. Mark Cubbon served from 1834 to 1861. Louis Bentham Bowring served from 1862 to 1870. Chamaraja Wodeyar X ruled from 1881 to 1894. Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar ruled from 1902 to 1940. Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah served from 1912 to 1918. Sir Mirza Ismail served from 1926 to 1941. [CHECKPOINT]
Now we will cover the first set of exercises. Exercise one, fill in the blanks. One. Mysore was the capital of early Mysuru Wodeyars. Two. After the second Anglo Mysuru War the British signed Mangaluru peace treaty with Tippu Sultan. Three. Tippu Sultan was famous as Tiger of Mysuru. Four. Poornaiah was the Diwan of Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. Five. The Nyaya Vidhayaka Sabha in Mysuru was started in the year 1907. Six. Gandhiji described Mysuru State as Ramarajya. Seven. Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah was the first Kannadiga to get Bharatha Ratna award. Eight. Irwin canal was built by Dewan Sir Mirza Ismail. [CHECKPOINT]
Exercise two, answer the following in a sentence each. Nine. Who established Athara Kacheri? Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar established the Athara Kacheri, a Central Administrative Office with eighteen departments. Ten. Where is Dariya Doulath? Dariya Doulath is the summer palace built by Tippu Sultan in Srirangapattana. Eleven. Where is Lalbagh? Who started this? Lalbagh is located in Bengaluru and it was started by Hyder Ali. Twelve. Who ascended the throne of Mysore after Tippu's death? Krishnaraja Wodeyar III ascended the throne of Mysore after Tippu's death. Thirteen. Why was the administration of commissioners introduced in Mysuru? The administration of commissioners was introduced because the British felt that Krishnaraja Wodeyar III did not properly suppress the revolt of Bidanuru of Shivamogga, so they dethroned him. Fourteen. Name the important commissioners of Mysuru. The important commissioners of Mysuru were Mark Cubbon and Louis Bentham Bowring. Fifteen. What is Punaradana? Punaradana, or Rendition, is when the British handed over the administration of the state back to Chamaraja Wodeyar X in 1881. Sixteen. When did Praja Prathinidhi Sabha came into existence? The Praja Prathinidhi Sabha, or People Representative Assembly, came into existence in 1881 during the reign of Chamaraja Wodeyar X. [CHECKPOINT]
Seventeen. Where is Kannada Sahithya Parishath? When was it established? Kannada Sahithya Parishath is located in Bangalore and it was established in the year 1915. Eighteen. Who led the Palace Satyagraha? The Palace Satyagraha was led by K.C. Reddy. Exercise three, discuss in groups and answer. Nineteen. What are the achievements of Hyder Ali? Though Hyder was illiterate, he knew several languages including Kannada very well. He doubled the territories of Mysore state. He was a valiant warrior and efficient administrator. He started the beautiful Lalbagh garden in Bengaluru. Twenty. What are the results of the Third Anglo Mysuru War? During the Third Anglo Mysore War, the British besieged Srirangapattana. Tippu signed a peace treaty, surrendered half of his kingdom, paid a huge indemnity, and surrendered his two sons as hostages. He suffered much humiliation and resolved to drive away the British. Twenty-one. What are the achievements of Tippu Sultan? Tippu Sultan was well aware of science and had a good library. He built the Bengaluru palace and Dariya Doulath summer palace. He popularized sericulture, modernized his army with French help, mastered rocket launching, sanctioned grants to Hindu temples, donated to Shringeri Math, reformed land tenure, gave farmer loans, built the tomb of Hyder Ali and Jumma Masjid, and established mints at Srirangapattana and Bengaluru. [CHECKPOINT]
Twenty-two. List the major achievements of Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar. His achievements include giving land and grants to J.N. Tata for a science institution, establishing the Nyaya Vidhayaka Sabha in 1907, completing the Mysuru Palace in 1910, building the K.R.S. dam, starting the Mysuru Economic Conference in 1911, ensuring special representation for backward classes in government service, and giving voting power to women for the first time. Twenty-three. What are the achievements of Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah? He started the Iron and steel factory at Bhadravathi, Sandal oil factory at Mysuru, soap factory, Central Industrial workshop, Leather processing and metal factories in Bengaluru, started Mysuru Chambers of Commerce and Industries, established Mysuru Bank in 1913, made primary education compulsory, established an agricultural school at Hebbal, established Mysuru university in 1916, established Kannada Sahitya Parishad in 1915, completed the Krishnaraja Sagara dam, and laid railway lines between Mysuru and Arasikere, and Bowringpete and Kolar. Exercise four, match the following. One. Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar matches with c, Navakoti Narayana. Two. Tippu Sultan matches with e, Tiger of Mysuru. Three. Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar matches with a, Rajyashri. Four. Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah matches with b, Bharatha Ratna. Five. Jayachamaraja Wodeyar matches with d, First Governor. [CHECKPOINT]
Activities for this section. Activity one: Mark the historical places of Mysuru state on the map. When you look at the map of historical places associated with the kingdom of Mysore, you will see locations like Mysore city, Chamundi hill, Bengaluru, Srirangapattana, Shivamogga, and other administrative centers connected by the historical routes of the Wodeyars, Hyder Ali, and Tippu Sultan. Activity two: Discuss and write: Though Tippu Sultan tried to end the foreign rule, he failed in his mission. Why? Tippu Sultan failed in his mission to end foreign rule because he faced the British single-handedly without adequate support from other Indian rulers. The British had superior military organization, naval power, and diplomatic alliances. Mutual hatred and distrust among Indian rulers prevented a united front. Additionally, the British besieged his capital Srirangapattana with overwhelming force, leading to his martyrdom in the Fourth Anglo Mysore War. [CHECKPOINT]
Now let us move to section seven point two, Keladi, Chitradurga and Yelahanka. During the rule of Vijayanagara, there were several small chieftains. They were the Nayakas or Paleyagars. The small territories under the Paleyagars are called the Paleyapattu. Among them the Nayaks of Keladi and Chitradurga are famous. The kingdom of Keladi was founded in Shivamogga during Vijayanagara period, Later it became independent. The Nayakas of Keladi were ruling the coastal Karnataka and Malenadu regions. Looking at the map reference, the Keladi kingdom was vast and prosperous. The Keladi state included Shivamogga, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Kasaragod in Kerala, Kodagu, Hassan, Tumakuru, Chitradurga, Dharwad and parts of Uttar Kannada districts. Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka was the most prominent among the Keladi rulers. During his rule Keladi became an independent kingdom. He conquered along the coast upto the Chandragiri river. He defeated the Portuguese in Mangaluru with the help of Abbakka, the Queen of Ullala. He also defeated the army of the Adil Shahis and built a pillar of victory at Hanagal. He patronised all religious sects. [CHECKPOINT]
Shivappa Nayaka was a well-known ruler of Keladi. He conquered the Portuguese ports on the coast and assumed the title Padugadalodeya. For defensive purpose he built strong forts at Bekal, Chandragiri in Kerala, Mangaluru and several other places. Being deeply religious, He performed Yagas like Vajapeya and several other Vedic sacrifices. To encourage business activities in his kingdom, he encouraged various Goan mercantile communities to come and settle in his state. He also encouraged Christians from Goa to settle in his kingdom and granted them lands as they were good in agriculture. He prescribed a rule that the clergy men in his state should only be locals. The Revenue system introduced by Shivappa Nayaka is known as Sistu. As per the system the land revenue was fixed on the basis of classification of land. Fertility of soil, availability of irrigational facilities and other factors were the basis of classification. The land revenue was fixed at one-third of the gross produce. This type of systematic revenue system was called Shivappa Nayaka's sistu. The sistu brought prosperity to malenadu. [CHECKPOINT]
After Shivappa Nayaka, his daughter-in-law Rani Chennammaji ruled the kingdom. She gave shelter to Shivaji's son Chatrapati Rajaram who was being chased by the Mughal army. A symbol of valour and sacrifice, Chennammaji had also fought with the Mysore army. The Keladi rulers built temples, agraharas and mathas. The Aghoreshwara temple at Keladi is remarkable for its Sculptures. The mathas became the centres of charity and education. The rulers gave huge donations to all religious sects. Chennammaji donated a plot in Mangaluru for construction of a church. Keladi became weak on account of its constant rivalry with Mysore kingdom as well as internal quarrels. It was finally conquered by Hyder. [CHECKPOINT]
Next to Mysore and Keladi kings the Nayakas of Chitradurga occupy an important place in the history of Karnataka. They ruled as Paleyagars from 16th to the 18th centuries. Madakari Nayaka was the most powerful and famous ruler of Chitradurga. He was only twelve years old when he ascended the throne. Madakari assisted Hyder Ali in many battles. In spite of this, Hyder was jealous of the bravery of Madakari Nayaka. Determining to destroy him, Hyder laid a siege to the fort of Chitradurga. But he failed to take possession of the impenetrable fort which had seven concentric walls. But his soldiers discovered a secret path into the fort, and tried to slip in when the watchman was not there. By that time the watchman's wife Obavva, had killed many enemies. Even today to the west of the Chitradurga fort there is Veeravanite Obavva's Kindi. Refusing to accept defeat, Hyder Ali again laid siege to the Chitradurga fort. In the pitched battle that followed, Madakari was defeated. He was imprisoned and killed. With the demise of Madakari the dynasty of the Nayakas of Chitradurga came to an end. Chitradurga is an attractive hill fort with seven fortifications. There are many temples and lakes in its inner premises. The Nayakas of Chitradurga built several temples. Baramasagara and Bhimasamudra, the water reservoirs, were their contributions. The Nayakas of Chitradurga are famous for their bravery and adventures. There is a rich folk literature on the Nayakas of Chitradurga. [CHECKPOINT]
Now let us learn about the Nadaprabhus of Yelahanka. Popularly known as the Watch Tower, Bengaluru Kempegowda family, the Yelahanka Nadaprabhus are the builders of modern Bengaluru. They were paleyagars under Vijayanagara. From 16th to 18th centuries they ruled most parts of Bengaluru district. Bengaluru was their capital. Later they shifted it to Magadi. Kempegowda I became famous as the founder of Bengaluru city. He built a fort in Bengaluru and ruled from there. He constructed the Basavanagudi Basava temple and the Halasuru Someshwara temple and the expansion of the Gavi Gangadhareshwara temple was his achievement. The credit of constructing many lakes in Bengaluru goes to him. The four lakes built by Kempegowda I are Kempambudhi, Dharmambudhi, Halasuru and Sampangi. Kempegowda I also built rest houses and agraharas. Ruled as Dharmaprabhu he had the title Praja Vatsala. Kempegowda II was the son of Kempegowda I. The Kempegowda family ruled with Magadi as their capital. Hence the rulers of this family are called the Magadi Kempegowdas. Kempegowda II set up four watch towers after identifying the boundaries of Bengaluru. During his reign Bengaluru began to grow as a great centre of weaving. Like his father, Kempegowda II attained fame by developing new villages and building temples and lakes. Later the Yelahanka Nadaprabhus kingdom merged with the Mysore kingdom. [CHECKPOINT]
Let us move to section seven point three, covering Kodagu, Kittur, Tulunadu and Hyderabad-Karnataka. First, Kodagu. Kodagu district lies in the slopes of the Western Ghats. Most people in the district speak Kodava and Arebase. Talakaveri is where the river Kaveri takes birth. Talakaveri is worshipped by lakhs of people. Kodagu is rich in forest wealth and the Nagarhole National Park is in Kodagu. The Haleri Dynasty was an important royal family which ruled Kodagu. It was founded by Veeraraja in the early 17th century. Later Mudduraja built Muddurajakeri and made it his capital. Muddurajakeri is Madikeri. In the second half of the 18th century, Kodagu was ruled by Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan. Meanwhile Veeraraja, the ruler of Kodagu was a prisoner of Tippu. However, he managed to escape and, with the help of the British, recovered his lost kingdom. After Tippu’s death, the British and the Kodagu rulers were on friendly terms. After some time the British captured Kodagu in 1834. They exiled the last king of Kodagu, Chikkaveera Rajendra and started ruling Kodagu directly. Kodagu was divided and Amarasullia, a part of Kodagu was added to the Canara district. Since the peasants of Amarasullia found it hard to bear the heavy burden of land revenue, they rose in an armed revolt against the British. They resolved to drive out the British from Kodagu. This revolt is known as the 1837 Amarasullia revolt. The rebels held Sullia, Puttur, Kasaragod and Mangaluru for thirteen days. However, the British succeeded in suppressing the revolt. Many leaders were hanged by them. The main leaders of the revolt were Puttabasappa, Kalyanaswami, and Guddemane Appayya Gowda. [CHECKPOINT]
The nationalists of Kodagu actively participated in freedom struggle. After Independence, for a short period of time Kodagu remained as a separate State. In 1956 Kodagu was merged with Karnataka. Two outstanding sons of Kodagu are Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa and General K.S. Thimayya. During the British rule Cariappa was the first Indian General. He was the Chief of Indian Army, Navy and Air Force of Independent India. Known for his administrative acumen, courage and bravery, he was awarded the highest rank of Field Marshal. Another great patriot of Kodagu was General K S Thimayya. He brought victory to the nation in the war between India and Pakistan. Though Kodagu is generally identified with military prowess, it is also well-known for sports, adventure, folklore and scenic beauty. [CHECKPOINT]
Next is Kittur. About two centuries ago, Kittur in Belagavi district was the most powerful state. It was famous for trade and agriculture. Rani Chennamma of Kittur was the younger wife of Mallasarja Desai. Both Mallasarja and his son who succeeded him died. Rani Chennamma, adopted Shivalinga Sarja and started administering Kittur. The Dharwad collector Thackeray made a lame excuse that the adoption was illegal. He suggested that the British government should take over the administration of Kittur. Hearing this Chennamma became extremely angry. She opposed the British policy of suppressing, and decided to fight for the freedom of her land. Thackeray with an army of 500 soldiers attacked Kittur. A fierce battle took place. Chennamma with her army fought valiantly against the British. The British army was shattered, and Thackeray, hit by a bullet and died. Again the British army attacked Kittur. The Kittur’s army was small and consisted of 6,000 soldiers. The British had a huge army. A three days war was fought. Few traitors from Chennamma’s side betrayed her. Kittur’s army was defeated and Chennamma was taken as a captive. The British imprisoned her at Bailhongal. After being imprisoned for five years, she sent messages to the brave freedom fighters and inspired them. Chennamma is credited with being the first Indian woman to oppose the British rule. She is shining as the silver star of the freedom struggle. In her memory folk songs are sung even today. [CHECKPOINT]
Sangolli Rayanna was a loyal follower of Rani Chennamma. A brave freedom fighter, who emerged from the rank of common people. After Chennamma’s imprisonment he assumed the leadership of Kittur and organised the army. He attacked British offices and looted their treasuries. An adept in guerilla warfare, Rayanna was like a frightening dream to the British. As the British could not defeat him, they resorted to foul means. The Greedy traitors captured Rayanna by deceit and handed him over to the British. Soon Rayanna and his six associates were hanged. Before being hung, Rayanna fell at the feet of his mother Kenchavva who had come to see him for the last time, and got her blessings and walked to the scaffold with a smile on his face. All his associates were buried in Nandagada. Rayanna’s followers continued the revolt. One of Rayanna’s followers Bichhugatti Channabasappa planted a seedling of banyan tree on the grave of Rayanna. For many years thereafter, Channabasappa remained near the grave as a bairagi. The banyan tree that he planted is seen even today. After Rayanna many brave youths continued the rebellion of Kittur and showed the love of Kittur’s people towards freedom. [CHECKPOINT]
Now let us study Tulunadu. In ancient times a part of coastal Karnataka was called Tulunadu. It corresponded, more or less, to the present Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts. In Puranas, this region is referred to as Parasurama Kshetra. Most people of Tulunadu speak Tulu language. A number of people also speak Konkani and Byari language in Tulunadu. During historical times Tulunadu was ruled by the Kadambas, the Alupas, the Hoysalas, the Vijayanagara and other dynasties. The kings of Alupa dynasty ruled Tulunadu for a long time. Udyavara, Mangaluru, Barakuru and other places were the capitals of Tulunadu. Abbakka Rani of Ullala of the Chauta family had fought with the Portuguese and defeated them. Most of the rulers of Tulunadu were Jains. People who belong to different religions such as Buddhism, Jainism, Veerasaivism, Natha, Islam and Christianity are settled here. The two popular forms of worship in Tulunadu are the Naga and Bhuta worship. Naga is worshipped by an elaborate ritual known as Nagamandala and the Naga and Bhuta is worshipped as Kola and Nema. The founder of the Dvaita Philosophy sect Madhavacharya belonged to Tulunadu. Manjunatha temple at Kadri in Mangaluru is an ancient temple of Tulunadu. By starting educational institutions, the Christians have made their contributions to the field of education. They also started printing press in Mangaluru. The Kannada dictionary compiled by Ferdinand Kittel was printed at the Basel Mission Press. A German by name Manner compiled a Tulu dictionary. Foreign priests were the earliest to propagate Christian religion in Tulunadu. Later their work was continued by the Indian missionaries. There are several beautiful churches in Tulunadu. From ancient times Tulunadu had commercial contacts with Arabia. As a result Islam began to spread here. Muslims have built several attractive mosques to pray. [CHECKPOINT]
At Kadri Manjunatha temple, there is a huge bronze statue of Avalokiteshvara. It is about a thousand years old. The Thousand-Pillared basadi, at Mudabidire, the gigantic Gommata statue at Karkala, Venur and Dharmasthala are the symbols of Jain culture. Kambula, also known as Kambala, cock-fight, and chenne are some of the folk games of Tulunadu. Yakshagana and Talamaddale are the famous ancient arts of Tulunadu. The British ruled in coastal region from the beginning of the 19th century. The coastal region was then called Canara district. Later the Canara district was divided into two districts. They are the northern part North Canara, and Southern part South Canara districts. Karnad Sadashiva Rao and Attavara Yellappa were the foremost freedom fighters of Tulunadu. Known as the Deshabhakta, Karnad Sadashiva Rao rendered unforgettable service to the Harijans. He offered meals to the Harijan children in his home. He was the shining star who sacrificed everything for his motherland. Attavar Yellappa was a minister in the cabinet of Azad Hind Fauz, founded by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. He was an army officer in Netaji’s Azad Hind Fauz for fifteen years. Kudmul Ranga Rao was at the forefront of Dalit upliftment reforms like movement against untouchability, education for Dalit girls and so on. When Mahatma Gandhi came to Mangaluru, he saw his works and appreciated him. In the field of Banking, the record of Tulunadu is remarkable. Canara, Corporation, Syndicate, Karnataka and Vijaya Banks were established here prior to the attainment of Independence. Thousands of branches of these banks, spread over the length and breadth of the country, have made a special contribution to India's economic growth. They have provided job opportunities to lakhs of people. In 1956 the North and South Canara districts were merged with Karnataka State. Prior to this South Canara was under the Madras Presidency. South Canara district was divided into Udupi district in 1997. [CHECKPOINT]
Now we come to Hyderabad-Karnataka. After the decline of Vijayanagara the Bedanayaka paleyagars became dominant in Hyderabad-Karnataka, now known as Kalyana-Karnataka. They were brave warriors. After 1800 they revolted against the British countless times. The causes of revolt were exploitation by the local Zamindars and the Arms Act of the British, the forest act and tired by the oppressions, the local paleyagars and common people revolted. After 1800 there were more than twenty five revolts in which we find Beda rebellions. The aim of the revolts was to drive out the British. The revolt of the Bedanayakas of Halagali is very famous. Halagali is a village in Mudhol taluk of Bagalkot district. The village is Well-known for its wrestlers even today, the village rose to fame during the Freedom Movement. In Halagali most of the villagers were Bedanayakas who possessed arms for hunting and self-defence. The Arms Act passed by the British in 1857 had put a condition that the Indians could own arms only with the prior permission of the Government. The brave and self-respecting Bedanayakas could never accept such a condition. Due to this, a clash took place and the British attacked the Beda Nayakas. The leaders who fought valiantly against the British were Jadaga, Baala, Rami and others. In the conflict, several died. 290 people were taken as captives among them 19 were hanged. The heroism of Halagali Bedanayakas remains immortal in the history of freedom struggle of Karnataka. Rami was a brave woman who shot dead three British soldiers. In this revolt she became a martyr. A ballad on the Halagali revolt begins with the lines praising the bravery of the Bedas of Halagali. [CHECKPOINT]
Sindhura Lakshmana was a remarkable hero who fought against the British. Lakshmana was born in Sindhura village of Jat taluk in Sangli district. His parents were Bedara Sabu and Narasavva. His tomb is at Bilagi. Sindhura village was suffering under the firm hold of the local Inamdars. Lakshmana openly challenged them. Gradually he became the enemy of the British. Lakshmana was plundering money from the rich and the British treasury, and distributing it to the poor. As a socialist he was helping the oppressed. When Lakshmana was called in front of the village hall and questioned about the theft he was humiliated. The British tried their best to capture him on charge of murdering a police officer. Later, in an encounter he was shot dead. A martyr, Sindhura Lakshmana will be ever remembered in history as a revolutionary who passionately fought for freedom. [CHECKPOINT]
The Nayakas of Surapura ruled from 1636 to 1858 C.E. Surapura in Yadagiri district is situated in between the rivers Krishna and Bheema. Twelve Nayaka kings ruled it. Gaddipidda Nayaka was the founder of this dynasty. His ancestors were in the Vijayanagara army. They are one among the scattered groups after the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire. Later, after getting the official permission from Bijapur Adilshahis, they started to rule from Vaginageri. Peethambari Baharipidda Nayaka ruled from 1687 to 1726 C.E. In 1707 C.E. he made Surapura his capital after constructing it. Later, in accordance with the agreement between the British and the Hyderabad Nizam, Surapura came under the control of Hyderabad. After Raja Krishnappa Nayaka his son Raja Naalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka ruled from 1843 to 1858 C.E. Meanwhile the news of First War of Independence in North India in 1857 reached Surapura. Naalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka had a plan to fight against the British by unifying the kings of South India. He enlisted Arabs and Rohillas in his army. And he also started to train the army. On hearing these developments, the British officer Thornhill wrote a letter to Captain Campbell on 24th December 1857 and directed him to take immediate action. [CHECKPOINT]
The British regiment entered Surapura in 1858. A Gunfight ensued between the two parties. The enraged army of Surapura broke the bones of Stuart. Newberry also fell. Meanwhile, Naalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka travelled to Hyderabad to bring the special forces of Arab and Rohillas. The British forces entered Surapura and destroyed it. After hearing the news from Vanaparthi king who saw Naalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka wandering in Hyderabad, Hyderabad’s Nizam’s Prime Minister Salar Jung handed him over to the British knowing that he could get some benefit from the British. British kept Naalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka in a prison at Secunderabad. Later, he was subjected to enquiry They acted as if he was awarded death sentence. On the plea made by a British officer Meadows Taylor, the Governor General of India who had a supreme power dropped the death sentence condemned him for four years in exile. While he was taken to a fort in Chengalpet near Madras, The British betrayed and shot dead Nalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka while he was taking rest on the way. Later, they spread the false news that he committed suicide. Later, the British gifted Surapura to the Nizam of Hyderabad. The successors of Surapura province spent their time under the Nizam. Finally, when the province of Nizam of Hyderabad merged with the Indian Union on September 17, 1948, Surapura also merged with India. As the political history of Surapura Nayakas they have also contributed to the field of culture. Their rule still finds resonance in the minds of people due to their pro people programmes. They built lakes, wells, temples, palaces and Forts. Many Jahagirs were given. They had given many Jahagirs and Inam lands to the daily worship and for festivals of their patron Gods Venkataramana at Tirupati and Gopala Swamy. They offered patronage to many artists, musicians, painters, sculptors and authors. Many literary works of good value were written. They were known for their religious tolerance. The Surapura rulers always accorded prominent place to paintings. The design and techniques of Surapura paintings are of high quality. The Surapura Nayaka kings painting stand unique from the traditional art works of Mysore, Vijayanagara style paintings and the artworks produced by the Adilshahi family of Bijapur. These paintings can be seen in the Art museum of London, in different cities of England, Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad Oriental Museum and Salarjung Museum. [CHECKPOINT]
The Struggle for Liberation of Hyderabad-Karnataka is a shining example of a glorious revolt of the people against an oppressive and anti-people ruler. It is also a saga of remarkable sacrifice and courage. Prior in our country there were 562 small states under the British. Hyderabad was prominent among these states. The condition of the Hindus was extremely miserable in Hyderabad state. They could not celebrate any religious rituals. Education was neglected in the state. Everywhere Urdu dominated and Kannada language and literature received a great blow. The Nizam brought into force 53 rules called the kalagapti, which took away the fundamental freedom of the people. Swami Ramananda Tirtha was the popular leader of the freedom struggle. He travelled all over Hyderabad state organising peaceful satyagraha. Another famous leader of struggle was Hardikar Manjappa. He was popularly known as Gandhi of Karnataka. He popularised social programs like anti-drinking and abolition of untouchability. The Government banned the singing of Vande Mataram. It was Ramachandra Rao, a brave leader, who led the struggle against the ban. He was popularly called Vande Mataram Ramachandra Rao. Hundreds of those who sang Vande Mataram were imprisoned. [CHECKPOINT]
In the Hyderabad state, the Congress Party had been banned. The Congress demanded the Nizam that Hyderabad should merge with the Indian Union. On August 15, 1947 the people decided to hoist the Indian National Flag in Hyderabad. The Nizam’s government imposed more restrictions on the people. At the same time, The Razakars started extensive looting and killing in the state. They enjoyed the support of the Nizam. In spite of the terror Vande Mataram was being heard everywhere. Sharanagowda Inamdar was the young leader, who organised the underground activities by enrolling the youths in the Hyderabad liberation movement. They made lightning attacks on the Razakars in the Hyderabad Liberation movements. The youths organised by him made lightening attacks on the Razakars. As a result, many villages were freed from the atrocities of the Razakars. The people called Sharana gowda Inamdar as Sardar out of great respect. On account of the atrocities of the Razakars, lakhs of people left Hyderabad state and migrated to the nearby territories of the Independent India. Thousands of young men set up camps along the borders of Hyderabad state and carried on armed struggle against the Razakars. Even after India attained Independence in the year 1947, Hyderabad state did not join the Indian Union. Meanwhile the terrorist activities of the Razakars were continuing. Finally, the Government of India authorised the Union Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel to resolve the problem of Hyderabad. As directed by the Home Minister, the Indian Army entered Hyderabad on September 17, 1948. The Nizam, seeing no way out, surrendered. Then the Hyderabad state was merged into the Indian Union. In 1951, elections to the Lok Sabha were held in Hyderabad Province and the people elected their representatives for the first time. Swami Ramananda Tirtha, the most beloved leader, was elected from Kalaburagi Constituency to the Lokasabha. [CHECKPOINT]
Let us review the second chronology. Chikkadevaraja ruled from 1673 to 1704. Bengaluru taken on lease in 1689. Dalavays rule from 1704 to 1761. Hyder Ali from 1761 to 1782. First Mysore war from 1767 to 1769. Second Mysore war from 1780 to 1784. Tippu Sultan from 1782 to 1799. Third Mysore war from 1790 to 1792. Fourth Mysore war in 1799. Keladi rule from 1499 to 1763. Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka from 1586 to 1629. Shivappa Nayaka from 1645 to 1660. Rani Chennammaji from 1672 to 1697. Annexation of Keladi by Hyder Ali in 1763. Madakari Nayaka from 1754 to 1779. Kempegowda I from 1510 to 1570. Kempegowda II from 1585 to 1633. Kittur Chennamma in 1824. Sangolli Rayanna in 1829. Rule of the Alupas from 7th to 14th century. British rule in Tulunadu from 1801 to 1947. British aggression on the Bedanayakas of Halagali and Death of Rami in 1857. The period of rule by Surapura from 1636 to 1858. Chieftains Peethambari Baharipidda Nayaka from 1687 to 1726. Naalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka from 1843 to 1858. The fall of Surapura on February 09, 1858. Merger of Surapura with Indian Union on September 17, 1948. Sindhura Lakshmana shot dead by the British on July 22, 1922. Surrender of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the integration of Hyderabad state with the Indian Union on September 17, 1948. [CHECKPOINT]
Let us learn the new words. Ganda-berunda is an imaginary bird having two heads. Mandalika is a Ruler of a province. Varaha is a gold coin bearing the Varaha seal. Seeme means State. Garodi is a place of worship. Now let us read the Know it section. The word anche was derived from the swan, which exchanged letters between Nala and Damayanti. The four watch towers built by Kempegowda II are: in the north, Mekhri Circle; south, Lalbagh; east, Halasuru; and west, Gavi Gangadhareshwara. [CHECKPOINT]
Now we will cover the final set of exercises. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. One. An important dynasty that ruled Kodagu is the Haleri dynasty. Two. Chennamma's faithful Servant is Sangolli Rayanna. Three. A dynasty that ruled Tulunadu for a long time is the Alupa dynasty. Four. Queen of ullal is Abbakka Rani. Five. The first Kannada dictionary compiled by Ferdinand Kittel. Six. The city which is famous for thousand pillared basadi is Mudabidri. Seven. Founder of Surapura kingdom is Gaddipidda Nayaka. Eight. A brave woman who fought against the British in the Halagali rebellion is Rami. Nine. Famous as Karnataka Gandhi is Hardikar Manjappa. Ten. A brave leader of Vandematarm struggle is Ramachandra Rao. [CHECKPOINT]
Discuss in groups and answer. Eleven. What were the pro-people reforms of Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar? He set up the Athara Kacheri with 18 departments, regulated weights and measures, put down corruption, took Bengaluru on lease for three lakh varahas, built a dam across the Kaveri near Srirangapattana, reduced administrative expenditure, assumed the title Navakoti Narayana, and established a postal system. Twelve. What were the results of the Third Mysore war? Tippu Sultan was besieged at Srirangapattana, surrendered half his kingdom, paid a huge indemnity, surrendered his two sons as hostages, suffered humiliation, and resolved to drive the British out of India. Thirteen. What were the achievements of Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka? He made Keladi independent, conquered the coast up to the Chandragiri river, defeated the Portuguese in Mangaluru with Abbakka's help, defeated the Adil Shahis and built a victory pillar at Hanagal, and patronized all religious sects. Fourteen. What is sistu? Sistu is the revenue system introduced by Shivappa Nayaka where land revenue was fixed at one-third of the gross produce based on soil fertility and irrigation facilities. Fifteen. Write a short note on the main achievements of the Keladi Nayakas. They built a vast kingdom, conquered Portuguese ports, built forts at Bekal and Chandragiri, performed Vedic sacrifices, encouraged trade and Christian settlers, introduced the Sistu revenue system, gave shelter to Rajaram, fought the Mysore army, built temples and mathas, and promoted religious tolerance. Sixteen. Write a short note on Madakari Nayaka. He was the most powerful ruler of Chitradurga, ascended at age twelve, assisted Hyder Ali, defended the seven-walled fort against Hyder, but was eventually defeated, imprisoned, and killed after Hyder discovered a secret path. Seventeen. Why do we remember Onake Obavva even now? She defended the Chitradurga fort single-handedly by killing many enemies who entered through a secret path while the watchman was absent. Her bravery is commemorated at Obavva's Kindi. [CHECKPOINT]
Eighteen. What were the two important achievements of Kempegowda-I? He founded Bengaluru city by building a fort and constructing four major lakes: Kempambudhi, Dharmambudhi, Halasuru, and Sampangi. Nineteen. Write a note on Kempegowda II. He was the son of Kempegowda I, ruled from Magadi, set up four watch towers marking Bengaluru's boundaries, developed weaving, built new villages, temples, and lakes, and his kingdom later merged with Mysore. Twenty. Why did the Amarasullia rebellion break out? It broke out because the peasants of Amarasullia could not bear the heavy burden of land revenue imposed by the British after they captured Kodagu in 1834. Twenty-one. Why did Rani Chennamma of Kittur fought against the British? She fought because the British collector Thackeray declared her adopted son Shivalinga Sarja's adoption illegal and tried to take over Kittur's administration. Twenty-two. Why is Karnad Sadashiva Rao remembered? He is remembered as Deshabhakta for his selfless service to Harijans, offering meals to Harijan children, and sacrificing everything for the motherland. Twenty-three. What was the social works undertaken by Kudmul Ranga Rao for the upliftment of the Dalits? He led movements against untouchability, promoted education for Dalit girls, and his work was appreciated by Mahatma Gandhi. Twenty-four. What were the causes for the revolt of the Bedanayakas? Exploitation by local Zamindars, the British Arms Act of 1857, the forest act, and general oppression by the British and local rulers. Twenty-five. Who was Sindhura Lakshmana? He was a revolutionary hero from Sindhura village who challenged local Inamdars and the British, robbed the rich to help the poor, and was shot dead in an encounter. Twenty-six. Write a note on the achievements of Naalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka. He planned to unite South Indian kings against the British, enlisted Arab and Rohilla soldiers, trained his army, fought the British in 1858, but was betrayed by the Nizam's minister, imprisoned, and later shot dead by the British. Twenty-seven. Who was Swami Ramananda Tirtha? He was the popular leader of the Hyderabad freedom struggle who organized peaceful satyagraha across the state and was later elected to the Lok Sabha from Kalaburagi. Twenty-eight. What was the role played by Sharanagowda Inamdar in the Hyderabad Liberation Struggle? He organized underground youth activities, led lightning attacks against the Razakars, freed many villages, and was respected as Sardar. [CHECKPOINT]
Activities for the final section. Activity one: Mark on the map historical places of Mysore kingdom. You should locate Mysore city, Chamundi hill, Srirangapattana, Bengaluru, Shivamogga, and other key administrative centers on your map to visualize the historical extent of the kingdom. Activity two: Tippu Sultan tried his best to put an end to foreign rule in India. But why did he not succeed? Discuss and Write an answer. Tippu Sultan failed because he lacked allied support from other Indian rulers, faced the superior military and naval power of the British East India Company, and was isolated diplomatically. The British used divide and rule tactics, and despite his modernization efforts, the overwhelming British siege of Srirangapattana led to his martyrdom. Activity three: Nadaprabhus of Bengaluru built a number of lakes in and around Bengaluru, but most of them have disappeared. Discuss the effects of this. Prepare a report to be sent to the Government. The disappearance of lakes has led to severe water scarcity, increased flooding during monsoons, loss of groundwater recharge, higher urban temperatures, and ecological imbalance. A report to the government should recommend strict lake protection laws, restoration projects, rainwater harvesting mandates, and community monitoring. Activity four: Collect information about the life of Field Marshal Cariappa and General Thimayya. Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa was the first Indian Commander-in-Chief, known for his administrative skill and bravery. General K.S. Thimayya led Indian forces to victory in the India-Pakistan war and was known for his strategic brilliance. Activity five: Collect the Ballads related to Kittur Chennamma. These folk songs celebrate her bravery, her fight against British annexation, her imprisonment, and her legacy as the first Indian woman to resist colonial rule. Activity six: Read the biographies of Kudmul Ranga Rao and Karnad Sadashiva Rao. Their biographies highlight their dedication to social reform, anti-untouchability movements, education for marginalized communities, and contributions to the freedom struggle. Activity seven: Organise a seminar and prepare a report about the role of coastal districts of Karnataka in the economic development of India. The report should cover Tulunadu's banking legacy with Canara, Corporation, Syndicate, Karnataka, and Vijaya banks, their nationwide branches, job creation, trade history with Arabia, and contributions to education and printing. Activity eight: Collect the ballads and songs relating to the revolts of the Bedanayakas. These ballads praise the bravery of Halagali warriors, Rami's martyrdom, and the resistance against the Arms Act, preserving the oral history of the freedom struggle. Activity nine: Organise a symposium on The Role of Sardar Patel in the unification of India. Prepare a report. The report should detail how Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, as Home Minister, integrated 562 princely states into the Indian Union, specifically his decisive action against the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Razakars, leading to the state's merger on September 17, 1948. [CHECKPOINT]
Thank you for listening! Keep revising and practicing. Goodbye! [CHAPTER_COMPLETE]