Welcome dear students! Today we are going to learn about Community from Class 9 Social_Science. In this chapter, we will explore the meaning of community, understand the meaning and features of urban communities, examine the relationship between industrialisation and urbanisation, and study the features of rural and tribal communities. Let us begin by understanding what a community actually is. A group of people living in a specific geographical area with common rules and regulations, values and common identity is called community. It is a Social Unit. Man cannot live alone. He is a social animal. He establishes various relations with the members of the group he lives in. Not only does he settle down to live with the members of a specific area, but he also develops gregariousness and social concern. Due to this, a sense of togetherness develops. This type of living in a specific area and leading a simple social life is called a community. A community has five distinct features. First, it consists of a group of people. Second, it occupies a limited specific area. Third, it is characterised by feelings of togetherness. Fourth, it shares a common vision of life. Fifth, it is not established by law. [CHECKPOINT]
Now let us move on to the concept of a city. A city is the permanent settlement of people having high population density and variety of social strata. The census of India 2011 prescribed specific norms to identify a place as a city. First, it must have a minimum population of 50,000. Second, it must have a population density of 1000 per square miles. Third, the majority of the people must be occupied in non-agricultural activities. Fourth, there must be an availability of civic amenities. Fifth, the people must identify the community as a town, city, or metropolitan city. I encourage you to do this yourself. Make a list of the differences between the city and village near your place, focusing on population, area, and civic amenities. Cities possess seven key features. They exhibit social diversity and a sense of anonymity. There is increased social movement. There is a greater emphasis on individualism, materialistic comfort, and privacy. We see the development of associations and unions. Families tend to be of small size. Finally, there is a fast pace of social reforms. [CHECKPOINT]
Next, we will learn about industrialisation and urbanisation. Industrialisation means the change in technology used in production of materials and service. To be specific, this term is used to indicate the development of the manufacturing industry. As an activity, I want you to list the names of huge industries in your district and note down the products they manufacture. Historically, because of the monopolistic attitude of the British Government, till World War One, they did not establish any industry in India. Subsequently, the establishment of industries resulted in the destruction of old cottage industries. Villagers were brought to cities and industrial centres. Not only did the villagers desert their villages and take shelter in cities, but they also accepted the available opportunities to work. Geographical and industrial movement brought people closer. Railways and surface transport like buses brought people together. More than anything else, industrialisation changed our social environment and created cities. [CHECKPOINT]
Let us now turn our attention to the rural community and its features. The rural community is the cornerstone of Indian society. The location of this community is the village. Villages occupy a very important place in the development of Indian culture and history. An organised group leading a social life in a specific area is called a community. A group of people leading a simple life in a limited land area is called a village. The village is a small group of people who not only engage in agriculture for their livelihood but also follow it as a way of life. Each village differs from another in terms of population, area, and way of life. A village in the plains differs from one in the coastal area. There are also differences in lifestyles found in villages in deserts or mountains and hills. Despite these variations, thirteen characteristics are common to all villages. They are: small community, harmonious relationships, social unity, informal system of control, prominence of undivided families, prominence of agriculture, influence of nature, influence of the neighbourhood, simplicity, increased religious involvement, traditional opinions, wide-spread caste system, and illiteracy and poverty. [CHECKPOINT]
As an activity, based on the fairs conducted in your area, observe the features of rural community and prepare a report. Do you know this? What do you know about your neighbourhood relationship? Meet elders and collect information. Now, let us examine the problems of the rural community. These include agricultural problems, problems related to cottage industries, illiteracy, poverty and unemployment, lack of proper health facilities, and lack of civic amenities. Moving forward, we will study the tribal community and its features. The group of people who live far away from urban communities in forests, valleys and hills is called tribal community. They are the same throughout the world and are in a significant number in some countries. After Africa, India has the largest number of tribal people. Anthropology defines a tribe thus: a group usually restricted to a specific geographical area, having its own language, cultural harmony and social organization. The Indian tribes can be classified under three groups: Negrito, Mongolian, and Mediterranean. [CHECKPOINT]
The tribal community exhibits ten key features. These are: common geographical area, group of family or cluster of families, inter-relatedness, common language, simplicity and self-contained nature, common religion, common culture, common name, sense of unity, and illiteracy. Indian tribes have been geographically classified into three main groups, plus a fourth. First, the tribals of the North East region. These people belong to the Mongolian race and can be seen in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Tripura, and Manipur. They speak languages belonging to the China-Tibet family. The different sects among them are Gurung, Limbi, Leppa, Aka, Mishi, Garo, Khasi, Chakma, Naga, Sema, and Kachari. Second, the tribals of the Central region. These people are found in the mountains and valleys south of the river Ganga and north of the river Krishna. Tribes like Santhals, Munda, Bhil, Gonda, Oran, Baiga, Khariya, Khonda, Kola, Bhumi, and Savar are settled here. They are more developed compared to other tribes in the country. Third, the Southern tribes. This region comprises the area south of the river Krishna and north of Kanyakumari. Tribes are found in parts of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. These tribes are Soliga, Yerava, Todava, Kota, Chenchu, Paniya, Kadar, Siddhi, and Jenukuruba. In addition, the tribes living in the Andaman and Nicobar islands form a fourth group. Important tribes here are Jwara, Onge, Senthineli, and Andaman and Nicobaris. [CHECKPOINT]
Now, let us carefully work through the exercises to prepare for your exams. For the fill in the blanks section: The answer to question one is Community. The answer to question two is Rural. The answer to question three is Mongolian. Now for the short answer questions. Question four asks what is meant by a city. A city is the permanent settlement of people having high population density and variety of social strata. Question five asks what industrialisation suggests. Industrialisation suggests the change in technology used in production of materials and service, specifically indicating the development of the manufacturing industry. Question six asks to explain the term village. A village is a group of people leading a simple life in a limited land area, where a small group engages in agriculture for their livelihood and follows it as a way of life. Question seven asks how anthropology defines a tribe. Anthropology defines a tribe as a group usually restricted to a specific geographical area, having its own language, cultural harmony and social organization. [CHECKPOINT]
Question eight asks to explain the features of a city. The features are social diversity, anonymity, increased social movement, greater emphasis on individualism, materialistic comfort and privacy, development of associations and unions, families of small size, and fast pace of social reforms. Question nine asks to list out the features of a rural community. They are small community, harmonious relationships, social unity, informal system of control, prominence of undivided families, prominence of agriculture, influence of nature, influence of the neighbourhood, simplicity, increased religious involvement, traditional opinions, wide-spread caste system, and illiteracy and poverty. Question ten asks for the problems of rural communities. These are agricultural problems, problems related to cottage industries, illiteracy, poverty and unemployment, lack of proper health facilities, and lack of civic amenities. Question eleven asks to identify the unique features of tribal communities. These include common geographical area, cluster of families, inter-relatedness, common language, simplicity and self-contained nature, common religion, common culture, common name, sense of unity, and illiteracy. Question twelve asks how Indian tribes are classified. They are classified geographically into the North East region, the Central region, the Southern region, and the Andaman and Nicobar islands group. [CHECKPOINT]
Finally, let us review the activities and project work. For the first activity, conduct a debate on the advantages and disadvantages of city and village life. For the second activity, collect information about the lifestyle of a tribal community near your place. For the project, collect information from members of a tribe about the steps taken by the Gram Panchayat or Town Council to provide civic amenities in the tribal village. I strongly recommend completing these tasks to deepen your understanding of the chapter. Make sure to revise all the definitions, lists, and classifications we covered today, as they are crucial for your examinations. Thank you for listening! Keep revising and practicing. Goodbye! [CHAPTER_COMPLETE]